1. At that time the Blessed Buddha dwelt at Sàvatthi, in the Jetavana, the garden of Anàthapindika. At that time a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, entered upon vassa in a certain district of the Kosala country. Now those bhikkhus thought: `What shall we do in order that we may keep vassa well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel, and that we may not suffer from want of food?'

2. Then those bhikkhus thought: `If we do not speak to or converse with each other, if he who comes back first from the village, from his alms pilgrimage, prepares seats, gets water for washing the feet, a foot-stool, and a towel ⁽¹⁾, cleans the slopbasin and gets it ready, and puts there (water to) drink and food,--

3 `And if he who comes back last from the village, from his alms-pilgrimage, eats, if there is any food left (from the dinner of the other bhikkhus) and if he desires to do so; and if he does not desire (to eat), throws it away at a place free from grass, or pours it away into water in which no living things are; puts away the water for washing the feet, the foot-stool, and the towel⁽²⁾; cleans the slop-basin and [\q 326/] puts it away, puts the water and the food away, and sweeps the dining-room,--

4. `And if he who sees a water-pot, or a bowl for food, or a vessel for evacuations, empty and void, puts it (into its proper place), and if he is not able to do so single-handed, calls some one else and puts it away with their united effort⁽³⁾ without uttering a word on that account, thus shall we keep vassa well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel, and not suffer from want of food⁽⁴⁾.'

5-7. And those bhikkhus did not speak to or converse with each other. He who came back from the village from his alms-pilgrimage first, prepared seats (&c., as above, sect.4, down to) without uttering a word on that account.

8. Now it is the custom of the bhikkhus who have finished their vassa residence, to go to see the Blessed One. Thus those bhikkhus, when they had finished their vassa residence, and when the three months (of vassa) had elapsed, set their places of rest in order, took their alms-bowls and robes, and went on their way to Sàvatthi. Wandering from place to place, they came to Sàvatthi, to the Jetavana, the garden of Anàthapindika, to the Blessed One; having approached the Blessed One and respectfully saluted Him, they sat down near Him.

9. Now it is the custom of the Blessed Buddhas [\q 327/] to exchange greeting with incoming bhikkhus. And the Blessed One said to those bhikkhus: `Do things go well with you, O bhikkhus? Do you get enough to support yourselves with? Have you kept vassa well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel? And have you not suffered from want of food?'

`Things go tolerably well with us, Lord; we get enough, Lord, wherewith to support ourselves; we have kept vassa well, in unity, in concord, and without quarrel; and have not suffered from want of food.'

10. The Tathàgatas sometimes ask about what they know; sometimes they do not ask about what they know. They understand the right time when to ask, and they understand the right time when not to ask. The Tathàgatas put questions full of sense, not void of sense; to what is void of sense the bridge is pulled down for the Tathàgatas. For two purposes the Blessed Buddhas put questions to the bhikkhus, when they intend to preach the Doctrine, or when they intend to institute a rule of conduct to their disciples.

11. And the Blessed One said to those bhikkhus: `In what way, O bhikkhus, have you kept vassa well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel, and not suffered from want of food?'

`We have entered upon vassa, Lord, a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, in a certain district of the Kosala country. Now, Lord, we thought: "What shall we do (&c., as in sect.1)?" Then we thought, Lord: "If we do not speak (&c., as in sects.2-4)." Thus, Lord, we did not speak to or converse with each other (&c., down to:) without uttering a word on that account. In that [\q 328/] way, Lord, we have kept vassa well, in unity, and in concord, and without quarrel; and have not suffered from want of food.'

12. Then the Blessed One thus addressed the bhikkhus: `Indeed, O bhikkhus, these foolish men who profess to have kept vassa well, have kept it badly; indeed, O bhikkhus, these foolish men who profess to have kept vassa well, have kept it like a herd of cattle; indeed . . . have kept it like a herd of rams; indeed . . . have kept it like a company of indolent people. How can these foolish persons, O bhikkhus, take upon themselves the vow of silence, as the titthiyas do?

13. `This will not do, O bhikkhus, for converting the unconverted (&c., as in book 111, chapter 14, sect.3).' And when He had rebuked them and delivered a religious discourse He thus addressed the bhikkhus:

`Let no one, O bhikkhus, take upon himself the vow of silence, as the titthiyas do. He who does, commits a dukkaña offence.

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that the bhikkhus, when they have finished their vassa residence, hold pavàranà with each other⁽⁵⁾ in these three ways: by what has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected. Hence it will result that you live in accord with each other, that you atone for the offences (you have committed), and that you keep the rules of discipline before your eyes.

14. `And you ought, O bhikkhus, to hold pavàranà in this way: [\q 329/]

Let a learned, competent bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before the saïgha: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Today is the pavàranà day. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà."

`Then let the senior bhikkhu adjust his upper robe so as to cover one shoulder, sit down squatting, raise his joined hands, and say: "I pronounce my pavàranà, friends, before the saïgha, by what has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected⁽⁶⁾; may you speak to me, Sirs, out of compassion towards me; if I see (an offence), I will atone for it. And for the second time, &c. And for the third time I pronounce my pavàranà (&c., down to) if I see (an offence), I will atone for it."

`Then let (each) younger bhikkhu adjust his upper robe (&c.)⁽⁷⁾.'
 
 

1. At that time the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus, while the senior bhikkhus were crouching down and were performing their pavàranà, remained on their seats. The moderate bhikkhus were annoyed, murmured, and became angry: `How can the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus remain on their seats, while the senior [\q 330/] bhikkhus crouch down, and perform their pavàranà?'

Those bhikkhus told the thing to the Blessed One.

`Is it true, O bhikkhus, that the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus, &c.?'

`It is true, O Lord.'

Then the Blessed Buddha rebuked them: `How can these foolish men, O bhikkhus, remain on their seats (&c., as above)? This will not do, O bhikkhus, for converting the unconverted (&c., as in chap.1, sect.13).' Having rebuked them and delivered a religious discourse, He thus addressed the bhikkhus: `Let no one, O bhikkhus, remain on his seat, while the senior bhikkhus crouch down, and perform their pavàranà. He who does, commits a dukkaña offence. I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that all of you crouch down while pavàranà is being performed.'

2. At that time a certain bhikkhu weak from age, who waited crouching till all had finished their pavàranà fell down fainting.

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that (every bhikkhu) crouches down the whole while till he has performed his pavàranà, and sits down on his seat when he has performed it.'
 
 

1. Now the bhikkhus thought: `How many pavàranà (days) are there?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

There are the two following pavàranà (days), [\q 331/] O bhikkhus: the fourteenth and the fifteenth (of the half month)⁽⁸⁾; these are the two pavàranà (days), O bhikkhus.

2. Now the bhikkhus thought: `How many pavàranà services are there?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`There are the four following pavàranà services, O bhikkhus, &c.⁽⁹⁾'

3. Then the Blessed One thus addressed the bhikkhus: `Assemble, O bhikkhus, the saïgha will hold pavàranà.' When He had spoken thus,, a certain bhikkhu said to the Blessed One: `There is a sick bhikkhu, Lord, who is not present.'

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that a sick bhikkhu shall declare (lit. give) his pavàranà. And let him declare it, O bhikkhus, in this way: let that sick bhikkhu go to some bhikkhu, adjust his upper robe so as to cover one shoulder, sit down squatting, raise his joined hands, and say: "I declare my pavàranà, take my pavàranà perform the pavàranà for me." If he expresses this by gesture, or by word, or by gesture and word, the pavàranà, has been declared. If he does not express this by gesture &c., the pavàranà has not been declared.

4-5. `If (the sick bhikkhu) succeeds in doing so, well and good. If he does not succeed, let them take that sick bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, on his bed or his chair to the assembly, &c.⁽¹⁰⁾ [\q 332/]

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that on the day of pavàranà he who declares his pavàranà, is to declare also his consent⁽¹¹⁾ (to acts to be performed eventually by the order), for (both declarations) are required for the saïgha (and for the validity of its acts)⁽¹²⁾.'

At that time relations of a certain bhikkhu kept him back on the day of pavàranà, &c.⁽¹³⁾

At that time five bhikkhus dwelt in a certain district (or, in a certain residence of bhikkhus) on the day of pavàranà.

Now these bhikkhus thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed the holding of pavàranà by the saïgha, and we are (only) five persons⁽¹⁴⁾. Well, how are we to hold pavàranà?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that five bhikkhus should hold pavàranà in a (regular) chapter⁽¹⁵⁾.'

2. At that time four bhikkhus dwelt in a certain [\q 333/] district on the day of pavàranà. Now these bhikkhus thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed that five bhikkhus shall hold pavàranà in a (regular) chapter, and we are (only) four persons. Well, how are we to hold pavàranà?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that four bhikkhus should hold pavàranà with each other.

3. `And let them hold pavàraõà, O bhikkhus, in this way: let a learned, competent bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before those bhikkhus: "Hear me, Sirs. Today is pavàranà day. If you are ready, Sirs, let us hold pavàranà with each other."

`Then let the senior bhikkhu adjust his upper robe, &c., And say to those bhikkhus: "I pronounce my pavàranà, friends, before you, by what has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected; may you speak to me, Sirs, out of compassion towards me; if I see (an offence), I will atone for it. And for the second time, &c.; And for the third time, &c."

`Then let each younger bhikkhu, &c.'

4. At that time three bhikkhus dwelt in a certain district on the day of pavàranà. Now these bhikkhus thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed that five bhikkhus shall hold pavàranà, in a (regular) chapter, that four bhikkhus shall hold pavàranà with each other, and we are (only) three persons. Well, how are we to hold pavàranà

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that three bhikkhus should hold pavàranà with each other. And let them hold pavàranà (&c., see sect.3).'

5. At that time two bhikkhus dwelt in a certain [\q 334/] district on the day of pavàranà. Now these bhikkhus thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed that five bhikkhus, &c., that four bhikkhus, &c., that three bhikkhus, &c., and we are (only) two persons. Well, how are we to hold pavàranà?'

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that two bhikkhus should hold pavàranà with each other.

6. `And let them hold pavàranà, O bhikkhus, in this way: let the senior bhikkhu adjust his upper robe, &c., and say to the junior bhikkhu: "I pronounce my pavàranà friend, &c."

`Then let the junior bhikkhu, &c.'

7. At that time there dwelt a single bhikkhu in a certain district on the day of pavàranà. Now this bhikkhu thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed that five bhikkhus, &c., and I am only one person. Well, how am I to hold pavàranà'

8. `In case there dwell, O bhikkhus, in a certain district on the day of pavàranà, a single bhikkhu : let that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, sweep the place which the bhikkhus use to frequent,-- the refectory, or hall, or place at the foot of a tree; let him (then) provide water and food, prepare seats, put a lamp there, and sit down. If other bhikkhus come, let him hold pavàranà with them; if they do not come, let him fix his mind upon the thought: "Today is my pavàranà." If he does not fix his mind upon this thought, he commits a dukkaña offence.

9. `Now, O bhikkhus, where five bhikkhus dwell (together), they must not convey the pavàranà⁽¹⁶⁾ of one (to their assembly) and hold pavàranà by [\q 335/] four (as) in a (regular) chapter. If they do, they commit a dukkaña offence.

`Now, O bhikkhus, where four bhikkhus dwell (together), they must not convey the pavàranà of one (to their assembly) and hold pavàranà with each other by three. If they do, they commit a dukkaña offence.

`Now, O bhikkhus, where three bhikkhus (&c., as in the last clause).

`Now, O bhikkhus, where two bhikkhus dwell, one of them must. Not convey the pavàranà of the other one, and fix (only) his thoughts (upon the pavàranà). If he does, he commits a dukkaña offence.'

1. At that time a certain bhikkhu was guilty of an offence on the day of pavàranà. Now this bhikkhu thought: `The Blessed One has prescribed: "Pavàranà is not to be held by a bhikkhu who is guilty of an offence⁽¹⁷⁾." Now I am guilty of an offence. What am I to do?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

In case, O bhikkhus, a certain bhikkhu be guilty of an offence on the day of pavàranà (&c., as in II, 27.1, 2, down to:) "When I shall feel no doubt, then I will atone for that offence." Having spoken thus, let him hold pavàranà. But in no case must there any hindrance arise to holding pavàranà from such a cause.'

At that time a certain bhikkhu remembered [\q 336/] an offence, while pavàranà was being held (&c., see II, 27. 4-8).

7.I. At that time there assembled in a certain residence (or district) on the day of pavàranà a number of resident bhikkhus, five or more. They did not know that there were other resident bhikkhus absent. Intending to act according to Dhamma and Vinaya, thinking themselves to be complete while (really)incomplete they held pavàranà while they were holding pavàranà, other resident bhikkhus, a greater number (than the first ones), arrived.

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

2. `In case there assemble, O bhikkhus, in a certain residence on the day of pavàranà (&c., as in sect.1, down to) they hold pavàranà. While they are holding pavàranà, other resident bhikkhus, a greater number, arrive. Let (all) those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà again; they who have held pavàranà, are free from guilt.

3. `In case there assemble, &c. While they are holding pavàranà, other resident bhikkhus, exactly the same number (as the first ones), arrive. Those who have held pavàranà, have held it correctly; let the other ones hold pavàranà; they who have held pavàranà, are free from guilt'.

[\q 337/]

14.

1-3. `Let no one, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà in a seated assembly (of bhikkhus) before a bhikkhuni (&c.⁽¹⁹⁾)

4. `Let no one, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà by (accepting) the pavàranà declaration of a pàrivàsika⁽²⁰⁾ , except if the assembly has not yet risen (at the time when the pavàranà is declared). And let no one, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà on another day than, the pavàranà day, except for the sake of (preserving) concord among the saïgha⁽²¹⁾.'
 
 

1. At that time a certain residence (of bhikkhus) in the Kosala country was menaced on the day of pavàranà by savage people. The bhikkhus were not able to perform pavàranà with the threefold formula.

They told this thing to the Blessed One. [\q 338/]

`I allow you, O bhikkhus, to perform pavàranà with the twofold formula.'

The danger from savage people became still more urgent. The bhikkhus were not able to perform pavàranà with the twofold formula⁽²²⁾.'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I allow you, O bhikkhus, to perform pavàranà with the onefold formula.'

The danger from savage people became still more urgent. The bhikkhus were not able, to perform pavàranà with the one-fold formula.

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I allow, O bhikkhus, that all the bhikkhus who have kept vassa together, perform pavàranà (by one common declaration).'

2. At that time in a certain district on the day of pavàranà the greater part of the night had passed away while (lay-)people were offering gifts (to the bhikkhus). Now the bhikkhus thought: ,the greater part of the night has passed away while the people were offering gifts. If the saïgha performs pavàranà with the threefold formula, it will not have finished the pavàranà when day breaks. Well, what are we to do?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

3. `In case, O bhikkhus, in a certain district on the day of pavàranà the greater part of the night has passed away while people were offering gifts (to the bhikkhus). Now if those bhikkhus think: "The greater part (&c., down to:) when day breaks," [\q 339/] let a learned, competent bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before the saïgha: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. While people were offering gifts, the greater part of the night has passed away. If the saïgha performs pavàranà with the threefold formula, it will not have finished the pavàranà when day breaks. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà with the twofold formula, or with the one-fold formula, or by common declaration of all the bhikkhus who have kept vassa together."

4. `In case, O bhikkhus, in a certain district on the day of pavàranà, the greater part of the night has passed away while the bhikkhus were in confusion: the bhikkhus were reciting the dhamma, those versed in the suttantas were propounding the suttantas, those, versed in the Vinaya were discussing the Vinaya, the Dhamma preachers were talking about the Dhamma. Now if those bhikkhus think: "The greater part of the night has passed away while the bhikkhus were in confusion. If the saïgha performs pavàranà with the threefold formula, it will not have finished the pavàranà when day breaks," let a learned, competent bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before the saïgha: "Let the saïgha, &c. The greater part of the night has passed away while the bhikkhus were in confusion. If the saïgha performs pavàranà (&c. as in sect.3)."'

5. At that time in a certain district in the Kosala country a great assembly of bhikkhus had come together on the day of pavàranà, and there was but a small place protected from rain, and a great cloud was in the sky. Now the bhikkhus thought: `A great assembly of bhikkhus has come together [\q 340/] here, and there is but a small place protected from rain, and a great cloud is in the sky. If the saïgha performs pavàranà with the threefold formula, it will not have finished the pavàranà when this cloud will begin to rain. Well, what are we to do?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

6. `In case, O bhikkhus, in a certain district a great assembly of bhikkhus has come together on the day of pavàranà, and there is but a small place protected from rain, and a great cloud is in the sky. Now if those bhikkhus think (&c., as in sect.3 to the end).

7. `In case, O bhikkhus, in a certain district on the day of pavàranà danger arises from kings, danger from robbers, danger from fire, danger from water, danger from human beings, danger from non-human beings, danger from beasts of prey, danger from creeping things, danger of life, danger against chastity. Now if those bhikkhus think: "Here is danger for our chastity. If the saïgha performs pavàranà with the threefold formula, it will not have finished the pavàranà when this danger for chastity will arise," let a learned, competent bhikkhu (&c., as in sect.3 to the end).'
 
 

1. At that time the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus held pavàranà being guilty of an offence.

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

Let no one, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà who is guilty of an offence. He who does, commits a [\q 341/] dukkaña offence. I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that you ask a bhikkhu who holds pavàranà being guilty of an offence, for his leave⁽²³⁾ and reprove him for that offence.'

2. At that time the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus, when asked for leave, were not willing to give leave (to bhikkhus who were going to reprove them for an offence).

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that you inhibit the pavàranà of a bhikkhu who does not give leave. And you ought to inhibit it, O bhikkhus, in this way: let (a bhikkhu) say on the day of pavàranà., On the fourteenth or on the fifteenth day (of the half month), in presence of that person, before the assembled saïgha: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Such and such a person is guilty of an offence; I inhibit his pavàranà; pavàranà must not be held in his presence." Thus his pavàranà is inhibited.'

3. At that time the chabbaggiyà bhikkhus, who thought: `Otherwise good bhikkhus might inhibit our pavàranà,' themselves inhibited beforehand, without object and reason, the pavàranà. Of pure bhikkhu who had committed no offence, and they also inhibited the pavàranà of bhikkhus who had already performed their pavàranà.

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

`Let no one, O bhikkhus, inhibit, without object and reason, the pavàranà of pure bhikkhus who have committed no offence. He who does, commits a dukkaña offence. And further, O bhikkhus, let no [\q 342/] one inhibit the pavàranà of bhikkhus who have already performed their pavàranà. He who does, commits a dukkaña offence.

4. `And thus, O bhikkhus, (you may discern whether) the pavàranà is (duly) inhibited or not inhibited.

`In what cases is the pavàranà, O bhikkhus, not inhibited? When pavàranà, O bhikkhus, is pronounced, declared, and finished with the threefold formula, and if (a bhikkhu then) inhibits the pavàranà (of another bhikkhu), the pavàranà is not inhibited. When pavàranà, O bhikkhus, is pronounced, declared, and finished with the twofold formula, with the one-fold formula, by common declaration of all bhikkhus who have kept vassa together, and if (a bhikkhu then) inhibits (&c., as before). In these cases, O bhikkhus, the pavàranà is not inhibited.

5. `And in what cases, O bhikkhus, is the pavàranà inhibited? When pavàranà, O bhikkhus, is pronounced, declared, but not finished⁽²⁴⁾ with the threefold formula, and if (a bhikkhu then) inhibits the pavàranà (of another bhikkhu), the pavàranà is inhibited (&c.⁽²⁵⁾). In these cases, O bhikkhus, the pavàranà is inhibited.

6. `In case, O bhikkhus, one bhikkhu, on the day of pavàranà, inhibits the pavàranà of another bhikkhu: then if the other bhikkhus know with regard to that (inhibiting) bhikkhu : "This Venerable [\q 343/] brother is not of a pure conduct in his deeds, nor in his words, nor as, regards his means of livelihood, he is ignorant, unlearned, unable to give explanation when he is questioned," (let them say to him): "Nay, friend, let not quarrel arise, nor strife, nor discord, nor dispute," and having thus put him to silence, let the saïgha hold pavàranà.

7-9. `In case, O bhikkhus, &c.⁽²⁶⁾

10. `In case, O bhikkhus, one bhikkhu on the day of pavàranà inhibits the pavàranà of another bhikkhu: then if the other bhikkhus know with regard to that (inhibiting) bhikkhu: "This Venerable brother is of a pure conduct in his deeds and in his words and with regard to his means of livelihood, he is clever, learned, and able to give explanation when he is questioned," let them say to him: "If you inhibit, friend, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu, on what account do you inhibit it, on account of a moral transgression, or on account of a transgression against the rules of conduct, or on account of heresy?"

11. `If he replies: "I inhibit it on account of a moral transgression, I inhibit it on account of a transgression against the rules of conduct, I inhibit it on account of heresy," let them say to him: "Well, do you know, Sir, what a moral transgression is, what a transgression against the rules of conduct is, what heresy is?" If he replies, "I [\q 344/] know, friends, what a moral transgression is, &c.," let them say to him: "And what is, friend, a moral transgression, &c.?"

12. `If he replies: "The four pàràjika offences and the thirteen saïghàdisesà offences are the moral transgressions; thullaccaya offences, pàcittiya offences, pàtidesaniya offences, dukkaña offences, and wicked language are the transgressions against the rules of conduct; false doctrine and . . . doctrine⁽²⁷⁾ are heresy," let them say to him: "If you inhibit, friend, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu, do you inhibit it on account of what you have seen, or of what you have heard, or of what you suspect?"

13. `If he replies: "I inhibit it on account of what I have seen, or on account of what I have heard, or on account of what I suspect," let them say to him: "If you inhibit, friend, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what you have seen, what have you seen? What is it that you have seen? When have you seen it? Where have you seen it? Have you seen him committing a pàràjika offence? Have you seen him committing a saïghàdisesà offence? Have you seen him committing a thullaccaya offence, a pàcittiya offence, a pàtidesaniya offence, a dukkaña offence, or making himself guilty of wicked language? And where were you? And where was this bhikkhu? And what did you do? And what did this bhikkhu do?" [\q 345/]

14. `If he then replies: "I do not inhibit, friends, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what I have seen, but I inhibit it on account of what I have heard," let them say to him: "If you inhibit, friend, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what you have heard, what have you heard? What is it that you have heard? When have you beard it? Where have you heard it? Have you heard that he has committed a pàràjika offence (&c., down to) or that he has made himself guilty of wicked language? Have you heard it from a bhikkhu? Have you heard it from a bhikkhuni? Have you heard it from a sikkhamànà, from a sàmanera, from a sàmaneri, from an upàsaka, from an upàsikà, from kings, from royal officers, from titthiyas, from titthiya disciples?"

15. `If he then replies: 'I do not inhibit, friends, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what I have heard, but I inhibit it on account of what I suspect," let them say to him: "If you inhibit, friend, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what you suspect, what do you suspect? What is it that you suspect? When do you suspect it? Where do you suspect it? Do you suspect that he has committed a pàràjika offence (&c., down to) wicked language? Does your suspicion come from what you have heard from a bhikkhu (&c., down to) from titthiya disciples?"

16. `If he then replies: "I do not inhibit, friends, the pavàranà of this bhikkhu on account of what I suspect; I do not know the reason why I inhibit the pavàranà of this bhikkhu," and if that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who reproves (the other one), being questioned by intelligent fellow bhikkhus, is not able [\q 346/] to convince their minds, you are right in saying that in such case the bhikkhu who has been reproved is blameless. But if that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who reproves (the other one), being questioned by intelligent fellow bhikkhus, is able to convince their minds, you are right in saying that in such case the bhikkhu who has been reproved is blameable.

17. `If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who reproves (another one), admits that he has charged him unfoundedly with a pàràjika offence, let the saïgha enter upon the saïghàdisesà proceedings⁽²⁸⁾ (against the accuser) and then hold pavàranà.

If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who reproves (another one), admits that he has charged him unfoundedly with a saïghàdisesà offence, let the saïgha treat (the accuser) according to the law⁽²⁹⁾ and then hold pavàranà.

`If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who reproves (another one), admits that he has charged him unfoundedly with a thullaccaya offence, or with a pàcittiya offence, or with a pàtidesaniya offence, or with a dukkaña offence, or with having used wicked language, let the saïgha treat (the accuser) according to the law⁽³⁰⁾ and then hold pavàranà.

18. `If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, who has been reproved, admits that he has committed a pàràjika offence, let the saïgha expel him and then hold pavàranà.

`If that bhikkhu, &c., admits that he has committed [\q 347/] a saïghàdisesà offence, let the saïgha enter upon the saïghàdisesà proceedings (against him) and then hold pavàranà.

`If that bhikkhu, &c., admits that he has committed a thullaccaya offence, or a pàcittiya offence (&c., down to) wicked language, let the saïgha treat him according to the law and then hold pavàranà.

19. `In case, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu on the clay of pavàranà is guilty of a thullaccaya offence. Some bhikkhus believe that it is a thullaccaya offence, other bhikkhus believe that it is a saïghàdisesà offence. In that case, O bhikkhus, let those bhikkhus who take it for a thullaccaya offence, take that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, aside, treat him according to the law, go back to the saïgha, and say: "The offence, friends, which this bhikkhu has committed, he has atoned for according to the law. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà."

20. `In case, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu on the day of pavàranà is guilty of a thullaccaya offence. Some bhikkhus believe that it is a thullaccaya offence, other bhikkhus believe that it is a pàcittiya offence. Some bhikkhus believe that it is a thullaccaya offence, other bhikkhus believe that it is a pàtidesaniya offence; a thullaccaya offence; a dukkaña offence; a thullaccaya offence, an offence by wicked language. In that case (&c., as in sect.19, down to the end).

21, 22. `In case, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu on the day of pavàranà is guilty of a pàcittiya offence, of a pàtidesaniya offence, of a dukkaña offence, of an offence by wicked language. Some bhikkhus believe [\q 348/] that it is an offence by wicked language, other bhikkhus believe that it is a saïghàdisesà offence, &c. Some bhikkhus believe that it is an offence by wicked language, other bhikkhus believe that it is a dukkaña offence. In that case, O bhikkhus, let those bhikkhus who take it for an offence by wicked language, take that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, aside (&c., see sect.19).

23. `If, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu speaks thus before the assembly on the day of pavàranà: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Here this deed is known (to me), but not the (guilty) person. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà excluding this deed," (the bhikkhus) ought to reply: "The Blessed One, friend, has prescribed that they who hold pavàranà, ought to be pure. If a deed is known, but not the (guilty) person, report it (to us) now."

24. `If, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu speaks thus before the assembly on the day of pavàranà: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Here a person is known (to me as guilty), but not his deed. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà excluding this person,"(the bhikkhus) ought to reply: "The Blessed One, friend, has prescribed that they who hold pavàranà, ought to be complete. If a person is known to you (as guilty), but not his deed, report it (to us) now."

25. ` If, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu speaks thus before the assembly on the day of pavàranà : "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Here a deed is known (to me) as well as the (guilty) person. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha hold pavàranà excluding this deed and this person," (the [\q 349/] bhikkhus) ought to reply, "The Blessed One, friend, has prescribed that they who hold pavàranà, ought to be pure as well as complete. If the deed and the (guilty) person are known to you, report it (to us) now."

26. `If, O bhikkhus, a deed becomes known before the pavàranà, and the (guilty) person afterwards (i.e. after the pavàranà), it is right to bring it forward (then).

`If O bhikkhus, the (guilty) person becomes known before the pavàranà and his deed afterwards, it is right to bring it forward (then)⁽³¹⁾.

`If O bhikkhus, the deed as well as the (guilty) person becomes known before the pavàranà, and if (a bhikkhu) raises up that matter again after the pavàranà he makes himself guilty of a pàcittiya offence for raising up (a matter that has been settled)⁽³²⁾.'
 
 

1. At that time a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, entered upon vassa in a certain district of the Kosala country. In their neighbourhood other bhikkhus, litigious, contentious, quarrelsome, disputatious persons, who used to raise questions before the saïgha, entered upon vassa with the intention of inhibiting, on the pavàranà day, the pavàranà of those bhikkhus when [\q 350/] they should have finished their vassa residence. Now those bhikkhus heard: `In our neighbourhood other bhikkhus, &c. Well, what are we to do?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

2. `In case, O bhikkhus, a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, enter upon vassa in a certain district. In their neighbourhood other bhikkhus (&c., sect.1). I prescribe, O bhikkhus, that those bhikkhus hold Uposatha twice or thrice on the fourteenth day (of the half-month)⁽³³⁾ in order that they may be able to hold pavàranà before those (other) bhikkhus. If those litigious, contentious (&c., sect.1) bhikkhus approach that district, let the resident bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, quickly assemble and, hold pavàranà; having held pavàranà let them say to them: "We have held our pavàranà friends; do you do, Sirs, as you think fit."

3. `If those litigious (&c., sect.1) bhikkhus come to that residence unexpectedly, let the resident bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, prepare seats (for them), get water for the washing of their feet, foot-stools, and towels⁽³⁴⁾, then let them go to meet them, take their bowls and their robes, and offer them (water) to drink; having thus looked after those bhikkhus, let them go outside the boundary and hold pavàranà; having held pavàranà let [\q 351/] them say: "We have held our pavàranà, friends, do you do, Sirs, as you think fit."

4. `If they succeed in this way, well and good; if they do not succeed,, let a learned, competent, resident bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before the resident bhikkhus: "Let the resident bhikkhus hear me, Sirs. If you are ready, Sirs, let us now hold Uposatha and recite the Pàtimokkha,. And let us hold pavàranà on the next new-moon day." If O bhikkhus, the litigious (&c., sect.1) bhikkhus say to those bhikkhus: "Well, friends, hold pavàranà with us now," let them reply: "You are not masters, friends, of our pavàranà; we will not hold pavàranà now."

5. `If, O bhikkhus, those litigious (&c., sect.1) bhikkhus stay there till that new-moon day, let a learned, competent, resident bhikkhu . . . .⁽³⁵⁾

6. `If, O bhikkhus, those litigious (&c., sect.1) bhikkhus stay there still till that full-moon day those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, ought to hold pavàranà all of them no matter whether they like it or not, on the next full-moon day, on the day of the komudi càtumàsinã⁽³⁶⁾.

7. `If those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà, and a sick bhikkhu inhibits the pavàranà of a healthy bhikkhu, let them say (to the inhibiting bhikkhu):"You are sick, Sir, and the Blessed One has said that a sick person cannot endure being questioned. Wait, friend, until you have recovered; [\q 352/] having recovered, you may reprove him, if you like." If they speak to him thus, and he reproves (that bhikkhu) notwithstanding, he makes himself guilty of the pàcittiya offence of disregard⁽³⁷⁾.

8. `If those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà, and a healthy bhikkhu inhibits the pavàranà of a sick bhikkhu, let them say (to the inhibiting bhikkhu): "This bhikkhu it sick, friend, and the Blessed One has said that a sick person cannot endure being questioned. Wait, friend, until this bhikkhu has recovered; when he has recovered you may reprove him, if you like." If they speak to him thus (&c., as in sect.7).

9. `If those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà and a sick bhikkhu inhibits the pavàranà of another sick bhikkhu, let them say (to the inhibiting bhikkhu): "You are sick, Sir, and the Blessed One has said that a sick person cannot endure being questioned. Wait, friend, until you have recovered; when he has recovered⁽³⁸⁾ you may reprove him, if you like." If they speak to him thus (&c., as in sect.7).

10. `If those bhikkhus, O bhikkhus, hold pavàranà, and a healthy bhikkhu inhibits the pavàranà of another healthy bhikkhu, let the saïgha question and examine them both and treat them according to the law, and then hold pavàranà.'
 
 

[\q 353/]

18.

1. At that time a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, entered upon vassa in a certain district of the Kosala country. These bhikkhus, living in unity, and concord, and without quarrel, had found a comfortable place to dwell in. Now those bhikkhus thought: `Living in unity, &c., We have found a comfortable place to dwell in. If we hold pavàranà now, (other bhikkhus) might come on a journey, having held their pavàranà, (and might occupy this place); thus we should lose this place which is comfortable to dwell in. Well, what are we to do?'

They told this thing to the Blessed One.

2. `In case O bhikkhus, a number of bhikkhus, companions and friends of each other, have entered upon vassa in a certain district. These bhikkhus, (&c., sect.1).

`If these bhikkhus think: "Living in unity (&c., sect.1, down to:) thus we should lose this place which is comfortable to dwell in," I allow, O bhikkhus, these bhikkhus to agree upon pavàranà saïgha⁽³⁹⁾.

3. `And you ought, O bhikkhus, to agree upon it in this way. Let them all assemble together. When [\q 354/] they have assembled, let a learned, competent bhikkhu proclaim the following ¤atti before the saïgha: "Let the saïgha, Reverend Sirs, hear me. Living in unity (&c., sect.1, down to:) thus we should lose this place which is comfortable to dwell in. If the saïgha is ready, let the saïgha agree upon pavàranàsaïgaha; let it now hold Uposatha and recite the Pàtimokkha, and let the saïgha hold pavàranà on the next komudi càtumàsinã day. This is the ¤atti."

4. `"Let the saïgha, &c.⁽⁴⁰⁾ "

5. `If, O bhikkhus, after those bhikkhus have agreed upon pavàranàsaïgaha, a bhikkhu should say: "I wish, friends, to go on my travels through the country; I have a business in the country," let them reply to him: "Good, friend, hold pavàranà and go." If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, when holding pavàranà inhibits the pavàranà of another bhikkhu, let (that other bhikkhu) say to him: "You are not master of my pavàranà, friend; I will not hold pavàranà now."

`If, O bhikkhus, when that bhikkhu holds pavàranà, another bhikkhu inhibits his pavàranà, let the saïgha question and examine them both and treat them according to the law.

6. `If that bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, has finished that business in the country and comes back to that district before the day of komudi càtumàsinã, and if a bhikkhu, O bhikkhus, when the bhikkhus hold pavàranà, inhibits the pavàranà of that bhikkhu (who has been absent), let him say (to the [\q 355/] inhibiting bhikkhu): "You are not master of my pavàranà friend; I have held my pavàranà;"

`If, O bhikkhus, when the bhikkhus hold pavàranà, this bhikkhu inhibits the pavàranà of another bhikkhu, let the saïgha question and examine them both and treat them according to the law, and then hold pavàranà.'
 
 

1.

 See the note on I, 6, 11.

2. See the note on I, 6, 11.

3.  We are not quite sure of the meaning of the compounds hattha-vikàrena and hattha vilaïghakena. Buddhaghosa says merely hatthavilaïghakenà'ti hatthukkhepakena.

4.  For this whole passage, compare Cullavagga viii, 5, 3. The single actions which these bhikkhus do, are quite correct, except that they keep silence during the whole time of vassa, and especially at the end of it, for which time Buddha, on this occasion, prescribes the pavàranà ceremony.

5.  Literally, invite each other; i.e. Every bhikkhu present invites his companions to tell him if they believe him guilty of an offence, having seen that offence, or having heard of it, or suspecting it.

6.  I.e. I invite the saïgha to charge me with any offence they think me guilty of which they have seen, or heard of, or which they suspect.

7.  As in the preceding sentence, except that the younger bhikkhus do not address the Saïgha, `Friends,' but, `Reverend Sirs.'

8.  Comp. II, 14, 1, and the note on II, 34, 1

9.  This passage is exactly identical with II, 14, 2. 3, replacing `Uposatha service' by `pavàranà service.'

10.  This passage is a repetition of ii, 22, 2-4, the words, hold Uposatha,' declare the `pàrisuddhi,' &c., being replaced respectively by `hold pavàranà,' `declare the pavàranà,' &c.

11.  See ii , 23.

12.  Comp. The finishing clause of II, 23.

13.  This is a repetition of II, 24, but instead of `Uposatha' and pàrisuddhi read `Pavàranà.'

14.  As a general rule five bhikkhus were sufficient to form the quorum ; but for the performance of several among the official acts of the order the presence of more than five members was required; see ix 4,1 seq.

15.  See IX, 4, 1

16.  See chap. 3, sect. 3. Compare II, chap. 22, and chap. 26, sect. 10

17.  See chap. 16, sect.1.

18.  The following paragraphs and chapters exactly follow the indicated by II, 28-35. The alterations to be made are obvious and sufficiently indicated by sects. 1-3; instead of, `let them proclaim their pàrisuddhi' (II, 28, 4, &c.), read here, `let them pronounce their pavàranà.'

19.  See II, 36, 1-3.

20.  Comp. II, 36, 4, with the note.

21.  See, for instance, the cases in chap. 17. Buddhaghosa's explanation is different; he says: `Concord among the saïgha is to be understood of such cases as that of Kosambi' it is said in the account of the schism of Kosambi that, if concord has been re-established, the reconciled parties hold Uposatha together X, 5, 14 ; comp. II, 36, 4). Buddhaghosa apparently extends, this to holding pavàranà also.

22.  This means apparently that the bhikkhus were not obliged to pronounce the formula of pavàranà (chap.1, t4) thrice, but twice or once respectively.

23.  Comp. II, 16, 1.

24.  Correct in the Pàli text pariyositàya into apariyositàya.

25.  The paragraph is repeated with the phrases, `With the twofold formula,' ` with the onefold formula,' and by common declaration of all the bhikkhus who have kept vassa together,' respectively, instead of ` with the threefold formula.'

26.  As in sect..6. But instead of `Not of a pure conduct in his deeds, nor in his words, nor as regards his means of livelihood,' read respectively, of a pure conduct in his deeds, but not in his words, nor as regards his means of livelihood' (sect. 7); `of a pure conduct in his deeds and in " words, but not with regard to his means of: livelihood' (sect. 8); of a pure conduct in his deeds and in his words and with regard to his means of livelihood'(sect. 9).

27.  The meaning of antaggàhikà diññhi (Sanskrit àntargrahikà dçãshñi? àntagrahikà dçãshñi?) is unknown to us; Buddhaghosa gives no explanation. Perhaps it may, mean Doctrine partly false and partly correct (eclectic).

28.  See the 8th saïghàdisesa rule.

29.  See the 76th pàcittiya rule.

30.  According to Buddhaghosa, the bhikkhu who brings such an unfounded charge against a fellow bhikkhu, is guilty of a dukkaña offence

31.  Because it had not been possible to decide the matter at the pavàranà (Buddhaghosa).

32.  See the 63rd pàcittiya rule.

33.  In this way, when the inimical bhikkhus are arriving about the time of pavàranà the resident bhikkhus count the day which is the thirteenth or fourteenth to the other bhikkhus, as the fifteenth, and thus they are enabled to finish their pavàranà before they can be prevented.

34.  See I, 6,11

35.  As, in sect. 4, down to the end of the paragraph; instead of, on the next new-moon day, it is to be read here, `On the next full-moon day.'

36.  See the note on iii, 14. 11.

37.  See the 64th pàcittiya rule.

38.  Probably we should read in the Pàli text `àrogo àrogaü àkaïkhamàno codessasãti.' then the translation would be: when you have recovered and he has recovered &c.'

39.  Literally this word means, we believe, keeping back one's own pavàranà.' Buddhaghosa says: `When the decree of pavàranàsaïgaha has been issued, the bhikkhus (who have issued it) ought to live as in the rainy season. Incoming bhikkhus are not allowed to take possession of their places of rest. On the other side, they ought not to interrupt their vassa residence.'

40.  Here follows the usual formula of a ¤attidutiya kamma as in Book II, chap. 6. Comp. the note in book I, chap. 28, sect. 3.