Chapter 3
The Sense-Organs (Pasๅda R๚pas)
So long as there are conditions for birth we have to be born and to experience pleasant or unpleasant objects.
It is kamma that produced rebirth-consciousness as well as seeing, hearing and the other sense-impressions arising throughout our life. For the experience of objects through the senses there have to be sense-organs and these are r๚pas produced by kamma as well. The sense-organs (pasๅda r๚pas) are physical results of kamma, whereas seeing, hearing and the other sense-impressions are nๅma, vipๅkacittas which are the mental results of kamma. For seeing there must be visible object and also the r๚pa which is eyesense. Eyesense does not know anything since it is r๚pa, but it is a necessary condition for seeing.
Eyesense is a r๚pa in the eye, capable of receiving visible object, so that citta can experience it. For hearing, the experience of sound, there has to be ear-sense, a r๚pa in the ear, capable of receiving sound. There must be smelling-sense for the experience of odour, tastingsense for the experience of flavour and bodysense for the experience of tangible object. Thus, there are five kinds of sense-organs. As regards the eye, the "Atthasๅlinํ" (II, Book II, Ch III, 306) distinguishes between the eye as "compound organ" and as "sentient organ", namely the r๚pa which is eyesense, situated in the eye.
The eye as "compound organ" is described as follows: ... a lump of flesh is situated in the cavity of the eye, bound by the bone of the cavity of the eye below, by the bone of the brow above, by the eye-peaks on both sides, by the brain inside, by the eyelashes outside.... Although the world perceives the eye as white, as (of a certain) bigness, extension, width, they do not know the real sentient eye, but only the physical basis thereof. That lump of flesh situated in the cavity of the eye is bound to the brain by sinewy threads. Therein are white, black, red, extension, cohesion, heat and mobility.
The eye is white from the abundance of phlegm, black from that of bile, red from that of blood, rigid from the element of extension, fluid from that of cohesion, hot from that of heat, and oscillating from that of mobility. Such is the compound organ of the eye.... As to the "sentient eye" or eyesense, this is to be found, according to the "Atthasๅlinํ", in the middle of the black circle, surrounded by white circles, and it permeates the ocular membranes "as sprinkled oil permeates seven cotton wicks." We read: And it is served by the four elements doing the functions of sustaining, binding, maturing and vibrating, just as a princely boy is tended by four nurses doing the functions of holding, bathing, dressing and fanning him. And being upheld by the caloric order, by thought (citta) and nutriment, and guarded by life and attended by colour, odour, taste, etc., the organ, no bigger in size than the head of a louse, stands duly fulfilling the nature of the basis and the door of visual cognition, etc.
.... The "Visuddhimagga" (XIV, 37) gives the following definition of eyesense: Herein, the eye's characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements that is ready for the impact of visible data; or its characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements originated by kamma sourcing from desire to see. Its function is to pick up (an object) among visible data. It is manifested as the footing of eye-consciousness. Its proximate cause is primary elements (the four Great Elements) born of kamma sourcing from desire to see. We have desire to see, we are attached to all sense-impressions and, thus, there are still conditions for kamma to produce rebirth, to produce seeing, hearing and the other sense-impressions, and also to produce the sense-organs which are the conditions for the experience of sense objects.
Also in future lives there are bound to be sense-impressions. Eyesense seems to last and we are inclined to take it for "self". It seems that there can be a long moment of seeing and that the same eyesense keeps on performing its function. However, eyesense arises and then falls away. At the next moment of seeing there is another eyesense again. All these eyesenses are produced by kamma, throughout our life. We may find it hard to grasp this truth because we are so used to thinking of "my eyesense" and to consider it as something lasting. The eyesense is extremely small, "no bigger in size than the head of a louse", but it seems that the whole wide world comes to us through the eye.
All that is visible is experienced through the eyesense, but when we believe that we see the world there is thinking of a concept, not the experience of visible object. However, our thinking is conditioned by seeing and by all the other sense-impressions. The eye is compared to an ocean, because it cannot be filled, it is unsatiable. We are attached to the eyesense and we want to go on seeing, it never is enough. We read in the "Kindred Sayings" (IV, Sa๎ๅyatana-vagga, Fourth Fifty, Ch 3, ง 187, The Ocean): ... The eye of a man, monks, is the ocean. Its impulse is made of objects.
Who so endures that object-made impulse of him, monks, it is said, "he has crossed over." That ocean of the eye, with its waves and whirlpools, its sharks and demons, the brahmin has crossed and gone beyond. He stands on dry ground..... The same is said with regard to the other senses. We read in the "Therํgๅthๅ" (Psalms of the Sisters, Canto XIV, 71, Subhๅ of Jํvaka's Mango-grove) that the Therํ Subhๅ became an anๅgๅmํ ; she had eradicated clinging to sense objects. A young man, infatuated with the beauty of her eyes, wanted to tempt her. She warned him not to be deluded by the outward appearance of things. In reality there are only elements devoid of self. The Therํ said about her eye (vs. 395): What is this eye but a little ball lodged in the fork of a hollow tree, Bubble of film, anointed with tear-brine, exuding slime-drops. Compost wrought in the shape of an eye of manyfold aspects?....
The Therํ extracted one of her eyes and handed it to him. The impact of her lesson did not fail to cure the young man of his lust. Later on, in the presence of the Buddha, her eye was restored to her. She continued to develop insight and attained arahatship. Eyesense is only an element devoid of self. It is one of the conditions for seeing. The "Visuddhimagga" (XV, 39) states about the conditions for seeing: "Eye-consciousness arises due to eye, visible object, light and attention". Earsense is another one of the sense-organs. It is situated in the interior of the ear, "at a spot shaped like a finger-ring and fringed by tender, tawny hairs.... " .
Earsense is the r๚pa which has the capability to receive sound. It is basis and door of hearing-consciousness. The "Visuddhimagga" (XIV, 38) gives the following definition: The ear's characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements that is ready for impact of sounds; or its characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements originated by kamma sourcing from desire to hear. Its function is to pick up (an object) among sounds. It is manifested as the footing of ear-consciousness. Its proximate cause is primary elements born of kamma sourcing from desire to hear. Without earsense there cannot be hearing.
The "Visuddhimagga" (XV, 39) states: "Ear-consciousness arises due to ear, sound, aperture and attention." "Aperture" is the cavity of the ear. If one of these conditions is lacking hearing cannot arise. As to the other pasๅda r๚pas, smellingsense, tastingsense and bodysense, these are defined in the same way. Smellingsense is a r๚pa situated in the nose. It is one of the conditions for smelling. The "Visuddhimagga"(XV, 39) states: "Nose-consciousness arises due to nose, odour, air (the element of wind or motion) and attention."
As to the element of wind or motion being a condition, we read in the "Atthasๅlinํ" (II, Book II, Part I, Ch III, 315): ... the nose desires space, and has for object odour dependent on wind. Indeed, cattle at the first showers of rain keep smelling at the earth, and turning up their muzzles to the sky breathe in the wind. And when a fragrant lump is taken in the fingers and smelt, no smell is got when breath is not inhaled.... As to tastingsense, this is situated in the tongue and it is one of the conditions for tasting. The "Visuddhimagga" states in the same section: "Tongue-consciousness arises due to tongue, flavour, water and attention." Also the element of water or cohesion plays its part when there is tasting.
We read in the "Atthasๅlinํ" (same section, 315) about the element of water being a condition for tasting: ... Thus even when a bhikkhu's duties have been done during the three watches of the night, and he, early in the morning, taking bowl and robe, has to enter the village, he is not able to discern the taste of dry food unwetted by the saliva.... As to bodysense, this is situated all over the body and inside it, except in the hairs or tips of the nails. It is one of the conditions for experiencing tactile object.
The "Visuddhimagga" states, in the same section: "Body-consciousness arises due to body, tangible object, earth and attention." The "Atthasๅlinํ" (same section, 315) explains: ... Internal and external extension (solidity) is the cause of the tactile sense seizing the object. Thus it is not possible to know the hardness or softness of a bed well spread out or of fruits placed in the hand, without sitting down on the one or pressing the other. Hence internal and external extension is the cause in the tactile cognition of the tactile organ. Thus, when there is tactile cognition, bodyconsciousness, there are actually elements impinging on elements. The impact of tactile object on the bodysense is more vigorous than the impact of the objects on the other senses.
According to the "Paramattha Ma๑j๚sa", a commentary to the "Visuddhimagga" , because of the violence of the impact on the bodysense, body-consciousness (kayavi๑๑ๅ๙a) is accompanied either by pleasant feeling or by painful feeling, not by indifferent feeling, whereas the other sense-cognitions (seeing, hearing, etc.) are accompanied by indifferent feeling. Through the bodysense are experienced: the earth element, appearing as hardness or softness; the fire element, appearing as heat or cold; the wind element, appearing as motion or pressure. When these characteristics appear they can be directly experienced wherever there is bodysense, thus also inside the body.
As we have seen, visible object, sound, odour, flavour and tangible object (three of the four Great Elements) are experienced through the corresponding sense-doors and they can also be experienced through the mind-door. The sense-organs themselves through which the sense-objects are experienced are r๚pas that can only be known through the mind-door. The five sense-organs are the bases (vatthus) or places of origin of the corresponding sense-cognitions. Cittas do not arise outside the body, they are dependent on physical bases where they originate. The eyesense is the base where seeing-consciousness originates.
The earsense is the base where hearing-consciousness originates, and it is the same in the case of the other sense-organs. As regards the base for body-consciousness, this can be at any place of the body where there is sensitivity. The sense-organs are bases only for the corresponding sense-cognitions. All the other cittas have another base, the heart-base, I shall deal with later on. The five sense-organs function also as doorways for the five kinds of sense-cognitions, as we have seen. The doorway (dvๅra) is the means by which citta experiences an object. The eyesense is the doorway by which seeing-consciousness and also the other cittas arising in that process experience visible object. As we have seen, cittas which experience objects impinging on the senses and the mind-door time and again, arise in processes of cittas.
The cittas other than seeing-consciousness which arise in the eye-door process do not see, but they each perform their own function while they cognize visible object, such as considering visible object or investigating it. Each of the five sense-organs can be the doorway for all the cittas in the process experiencing a sense-object through that doorway. The sense-organs can have the function of base as well as doorway only in the case of the five sense-cognitions. The sense-organs arise and fall away all the time and they are only doorway when an object is experienced through that sense-organ. Eyesense, for example, is only eye-door when visible object is experienced by the cittas arising in the eye-door process. When sound is experienced, earsense is doorway and eyesense does not function as doorway. The "Atthasๅlinํ " (II, Book II, Ch III, 316) states that "the senses are not mixed." They each have their own characteristic, function, manifestation and proximate cause, and through each of them the appropriate object is experienced.
The earsense can only receive sound, not visible object or flavour. Hearing can only experience sound through the ear-door. We are not used to considering each doorway separately since we are inclined to think of a person who coordinates all experiences. We are inclined to forget that a citta arises because of conditions, experiences one object just for a moment, and then falls away immediately. In order to help people to have right understanding of realities, the Buddha spoke time and again about each of the six doorways separately.
He told people to "guard" the doorways in being mindful, because on account of what is experienced through these doorways many kinds of defilements tend to arise. We read in the "Kindred Sayings" (IV, Sa๎ๅyatanavagga, Third Fifty, Ch 3, ง 127, Bhๅradvๅja) that King Udena asked the venerable Bhๅradvๅja what the cause was that young monks could practise the righteous life in its fulness and perfection. Bhๅradvๅja spoke about the advices the Buddha gave to them, such as seeing the foulness of the body, and guarding the six doors. We read that Bhๅradvๅja said: ... It has been said, Mahๅrๅjah, by the Exalted One... : "Come, monks, do you abide watchful over the doors of the faculties. Seeing an object with the eye, be not misled by its outer view, nor by its lesser details.
But since coveting and dejection, evil, unprofitable states, might overwhelm one who dwells with the faculty of the eye uncontrolled, do you apply yourselves to such control, set a guard over the faculty of the eye and attain control of it. Hearing a sound with the ear... with the nose smelling a scent... with the tongue tasting a savour... with the body contacting tangibles... with the mind cognizing mind-states... be you not misled by their outward appearance nor by their lesser details... attain control thereof".... We then read that King Udena praised the Buddha's words. He said about his own experiences: I myself, master Bhๅradvๅja, whenever I enter my palace with body, speech and mind unguarded, with thought unsettled, with my faculties uncontrolled,- at such times lustful states overwhelm me.
But whenever, master Bhๅradvๅja, I do so with body, speech and mind guarded, with thought settled, with my faculties controlled, at such times lustful states do not overwhelm me.... We read that King Udena took his refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha. How can we avoid being misled by the outward appearance or by the details of phenomena? By understanding realities as they are when they appear, one at a time. The following sutta in the "Kindred Sayings"(IV, Sa๎ๅyatanavagga, Second Fifty, Ch 3, ง 82, The World) reminds us not to cling to a "whole" but to be mindful of only one object at a time as it appears through one of the six doors: Then a certain monk came to see the Exalted One.... Seated at one side that monk said to the Exalted One: " `The world! The world!' is the saying, lord. How far, lord, does this saying go?" " It crumbles away, monks. Therefore it is called `the world' . What crumbles away? The eye... objects... eye-consciousness... eye-contact... that pleasant or unpleasant or neutral feeling that arises owing to eye-contact... tongue... body... mind... It crumbles away, monks. Therefore it is called `the world' ."
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