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parinamana, pari-nam¡]¡Ônam¡^, parinamayati¡Fabhoga, nata, nati, namayati, parinata,parinati, parinamana, parinamanata, parinamayitr, parinamita, parinama, parinamaka, parinamana, parinamayitavya, parinamika, parinamita, paripatayati, samyak-parinamana¡CY¬O±qpari-nam ¨Ó¤ÀªRªº¸Ü¡]pari ¬O±µÀYµü¡A¡Ônam¬O»y®Ú¡^¡Apari ©Î pari ¦³µÛ round about¡Mtowards to[2]¡A§Y°j¶¤Î´Â¦Vªº·N«ä¡F¦Ó¡Ônam ªº§t¸q¦³ to bend¡Mto turn towards[3]¡A¬O¦±§é¡BÂàÅܤè¦V¤§·N¡C¦Ó¦b¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n[4]¡A¹ï©óparinamana«hµ¹¤©change¡Malteration¡Mtransforma-tion¡Mchange of form, change in direction ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡Aªí¥Ü§ïÅÜ¡BÂàÅÜ©ÎÂà¦Vµ¥¡C¦b±ë¥»¡m¯ëY¸g¡n¨å¤¤¡A´N¤Þ¥Î¤F anumodana-parinamana-parvartah¡A¤]´N¬OÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡C³o¬Û·í©ó¡m¤p«~¯ëYªiù»e¸g¡n¤¤ªº¡q¦õ§U«~¡r[5]»P¡q°j¦V«~¡r¡]«á¯³¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°Ä¶¡^¡A¡m¤j«~¯ëY¸g¡n²Ä¥|·|¡qÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡r(ð¥È®NĶ)»P¡m¦ò»¡¦ò¥À¥X¥Í¤TªkÂïëYªiù»e¸g¡n¤§¡qÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡r¡]§º¬IÅ@Ķ¡^¡C
¦b¡m«n¶ÇÂán¤¤¡A«h¨£¦³parinameti©Îparinamati¦³°j¤J©ó¦Û¤vªº¨Ï¥Î¤ÎÅܲ§ªº·N«ä¡A¦p¤U¡G
1. «ßÂÃ
¤Ú¡Gjanaj sajghikaj labhaj parinataj attano parinamento dve ap. ap.¡Fparinameti pay. dukk.¡Fparinamite pay. dukk.¡Fparinamite niss. niss. pacittiyaj. ¡]Vinaya-pitaka ¢º, p.37¡^
º~¡G©úª¾¬°¨Ñ¾i¹¬¤§ª«¡A¦Ó°j¤J¬°¤v¦³ªÌ¡A¡K¡K¨âºØ¡K¡K°j¤J¤§«e¦æªÌ¡A¬ð¦Nù¡A¤w°j¤JªÌ¡A±Ë¼Z¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç5¡Ap.56¡^
2. ¬ÛÀ³³¡
¤Ú¡Gtassa Aham rupam mama rupan ti pariyutthatthayino taj rupam parinamati abbatha hoti¡ütassa rupaviparinamabbathabhava uppajjanti sokaparideva-dukkhadomanassu-payasa¡ü¡]Sajyutta-nikaya ¢», p.3¡^
º~¡G©¼¤H¡A¦íÄñ©ó§Ú¬O¦â¡A¦â¬O§Ú©Ò¡A©¼¦âÅÜ©ö¡BÅܲ§¡C©¼¤H©ó¦â¤§ÅÜ©ö¡BÅܲ§¡A¦Ó¥Í·T¡B´d¡BW¡B¼~¡B´o¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç15¡Ap.4¡^
3. ½×
ishyate parinamaw ca kim vijbanasya neshyate¡ü¡]¡m±ëº~©M¹ï·Ó¥@¿Ë°ßÃѽסe¤T¤Q¹|¡B¤G¤Q½×¡f¡^ì¨å¡np.14¡^[6]
°_¦p¬OÂàÅÜ¡A©óÃѦ󤣳\¡C¡]¡m±ëº~©M¹ï·Ó¥@¿Ë°ßÃѽסe¤T¤Q¹|¡B¤G¤Q½×¡f¡^ì¨å¡np.15¡^
°£¤F¥H¤Wªº§t¸q¤§¥~¡A¦b¡m¬ÛÀ³³¡¡n¡]Sajyutta-nikaya ¢½, p.38,45,47,49¡^¤¤¡A¤]¦³½Í¹D¡G
¤Ú¡GIdha bhikkhave bhikkhu sammaditthij bhaveti vivekanissitaj viraganissitaj¡@ nirodhanissitaj vossaggaparinamij¡ü¡]p.42¡^
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³o¬Û·í©ó¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¨÷28¡A764¸g¤¤©Ò¤ª¡G
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¥¿»y¡B¥¿·~¡B¥¿©R¡B¥¿¤è«K¡B¥¿©À¡B¥¿©w¡A¨Ì»·Â÷¡A¨ÌµL±ý¡A¨Ì·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡A¬O¦WפK¸t¹D¡C¡]¤j¥¿2¡A200b6~10¡^
±Ë¡]vossagga¡^¬Ûµ¥©ó±I·À©Î¯Iºnªº·N«ä¡A¦p¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n©Ò»¡¡u¦¹«h±IÀR¡A¦¹«h³Ó§®¡A©Ò¿×±Ë¡AÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡A·RºÉ¡AµL±ý¡A·ÀºÉ¡A¯Iºn¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A220a¡^¡C¸g¤¤¤S¨¥¡A¹ï©óµL±`ªk¡]¤Ä¡^À³·í¡uª¾¡BÂ_¡BºÉ¡B¦R¡B¤î¡B±Ë¡B·À¡B¨S¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A45c15~49a13¡^¡C³o¨Ç¤å¦r¡G»·Â÷¡BµL±ý¡B·À¡B±Ë¡BÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡B·RºÉ¡Bª¾¡BÂ_¡B¦R¡B¤î¡B¨Sµ¥µ¥³£¬O²§¦W¹ê¦P¡A¤]³£¬Oªí¥Ü¯Iºn¡C¥u¤£¹L¡mªü§t¸g¡n¦³®É¬O¥H¾B»ºªº¤è¦¡¨Óªí¹F·Ð´oªº®ø°£¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O«ü¯Iºn¦Ó¨¥¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦V©ó±Ë¤]´N¬O¦V©ó¸Ñ²æ¡C[7]
¡@¡@¥t¥~¡A¦b¡m«n¶ÇÂán¤¤¡A¤]¦³´£¨ì±N¥¬¬I¥\¼w°j¬I¤©¥L¡AÁö¨S¦³¹³ parinamana ¨º¼Ëªº»ºµü¥Î¥y¡A¦ý±q¤º®e¤W¨Ó¬Ý¦ü¥G´N¬O¥\¼w°j¦V»P²³¥Í¡A¥O¥LÌÂ÷W±o¼Öªº±¡§Î¡A¦p¥H¤U©ÒÁ|[8]¡G
1. Samsaramocakapetavatthu¡]¡mÂ÷½ü°j°¨Æ¡n¡^¡G
¤Ú¡GSadhu ti so patissutva Sariputto ¡¥nukampako bhikkhunaj alopaj darva ¡@¡@panimattabcacolakaj thalakassa ca paniyaj tassa dakkhinam adisi.
Samanantaranudditthe vipako upapajjatha bhojanacchadanapaniyaj
dakkhinaya idaj phalaj¡]¡mPetavatthu¡n p.15¡^
^¡G¡¥ ¡§Very well¡¨, consented Sariputa, possessing pity, and gave to the monks a morsel, a piece of cloth measuring a hand and a bowl of water and assigned the donation to her(tassa dakkhinam adisi)[9].(¡mSacred Books of The Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n,¡mPeta-Stories¡n, p.75)
º~¡Gµ½«vµª©¼¤k¡A´d²`ªÙ§Q¥±¡A¬I¤ñ¥C¤Ö¹¡A´x¤j¤§¥¬¤ù¡A»P²Úª»¶¼ª«¡A¥¬¬I¬°©¼¤k¡F«b¨º¤§©^Äm¡A¥ß§YªGÀ³²{¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç28¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤T¡A¾j°¨Æ¸g¡Ap.13¡^
2. Macchuddanajataka¡]¡m³½¸s¥»¥ÍÃÓ¡n¡^¡G
¤Ú¡GBodhisatto atirekabhattam Gabgaya macchanam datva nadidevataya pattim[10] adasi, devata pattim anumoditva yeva ca dibbena yasena vaddhitva attano yasavaddhim avajjamana tam karanam abbasi.( Jataka Vol.II, p.423,l.24~27)
^¡GThe Bodhisatta threw what he left into the Ganges for the fishes, giving the merit to the river-spirit. The spirit accepted this with gratification, which increased her divine power, and on thinking over this increase of her power, became aware what had happened.(¡mThe Jakata or Stories of The Buddha¡¦s Former Births¡n, vol.II, p.288)[11]
¦¹·N§Y¬O¡GµÐÂıN¥L©Ò³Ñ¾lªº¡]¹ª«¡^¥µµ¹ùÚªe¤¤ªº³½¨àÌ¡A¨Ã±N¦¹ºÖ¼w¨Ñ¾iªe¯«¡Cªe¯«±o¨ì©¼ºÖ¼w°j¦V«á¡A¯«¤O¿¼W¡A¤º¤ßÅw³ß¡A¥ç©ú¨äì¡C
¤Ú¡GMacchanaj bhojanaj datva mama dakkhinam adisi, taj dakkhinaj saranti-yakataj apacitij taya ti¡]Ja. vol.¢º, p.425¡^
^¡GYou fed the fish, and gave a gift to me. This I remember, and your piety.
(¡mThe Jakata or Stories of The Buddha¡¦s Former Births¡n, vol.II, p.289)
º~¡G¡]ªe¯«¨¥¡G¡^»P¹©ó³½±Ú¡A»P§Ú¨Ñ¾i¼w¡A¨Ñ¾i§Ú»Ê°O¡A»Ê°O¦¼´L·q¡C
¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç34¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤»¡A¥»¥Í¸g¡A p.155~157¡^
3. Sanuvasipetavatthu¡]¡mÂħV¥Ë¦è°¨Æ¡n¡^
¤Ú¡GNiyyatayijsu therassa thero savghaj nimantayi datva anvadisi thero matu pitu ca bhatuno¡Gidaj me batinaj hotu sukhita hontu batayo.¡]Pv. p.50¡^
^¡GThey(the twelve other monks) handed it over to the elder and the elder invited the Sangha. When he had given the elder made it over[12] to his mother, father and brother saying, ¡§Let this be for my relatives! May my relatives be happy!¡¨ (¡mSacred Books of The Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n, ¡mPeta-Stories¡n, p.192)
º~¡G©¼µ¥¬Iªø¦Ñ¡Aªø¦Ñ©Û¹¬²³¡A¦p¬O¬I»P¹¡A¬°¤÷¥À¥S§Ì¡A¦Ó¥H§@°j¬I¡C
¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç 28¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤T¡Ap.42¡^
·N§Y¡G¥ḺN¹ª«¬I»Pªø¦Ñ¡A©ó¬Oªø¦ÑÁܽФF¹¬²³¡C·í¥L¨Ñ¾i¹¬²³³º¡A¥LÂহ¡]¥\¼w¡^¬°©¼¥À¡B¤÷¤Î¥S¨ÃÁn¨¥¡G¡uÄ@¦¹»P§Ú¿Ë¤H¡IÄ@§Ú¿Ë¤H§Ö¼Ö¡I¡v
4. Svagata¡]µ½¨Ó¡^
±ë¡Gbhagavan daksinadewanam krtva prakrantah¡]¡mThe Divyavadana¡n[¡mÄ´³ë¶°¡n[13]]p.179.20¡^[14]
·N§Y¡G¥@´L¡A±N¡e¥\¼w¡f¬I»P¤`ªÌ¡C
Ãö©ódakkhinam¡]= dakkhina¡^, ¦b¡mDictionary of the Pali Language¡np.109-108¡AĶ¬°a gift; a present to Buddhist priest; an offering to a peta¡]ghost¡^¡A§Y§ª«¡B¨Ñ¾i¥X®a¤Hªºª««~¡A©Î¬I¤©°ªº¨Ñ«~¡C¦Ó a¡Ôdis¡]= adisati, p.15¡^¡A±q¡mDictionary of the Pali Language¡n¤¤¶È¦³to show, to point out, to tell¡A§Y«ü¥Ü¡B«ü¥X»P»¡¥Xªº·N«ä¡C°£¥H¤W©Ò»¡¤§¥~¡A¦b±ë^Ãã¨å¡mA Sanskrit-English Dictionary¡np.137¤º¡A a-¡ÔdiwÁÙ¥]§t¤Fto declare¡A§Y«Å¥Üªº·N«ä¡Cºî¦X¨âªÌ¡A¥i»¡¬O«Å¥Ü¦¹Â§ª«¬Onµ¹¤©¬Y¤Hªº¡C¦ý¬O¡AY®Ú¾Ú¥H¤W©Ò¤Þªº¸g¤å¡Adakkhinam¤£¶È¬O§ª«©Î¨Ñ«~µ¥¦Ó¤w¡A¸g¨å©Ò±ýªí¹Fªº¡A¤w¬O¶W¥G¤@¯ë©Ò¿×ªºª«½è©ÊªF¦è¡A¦Ó¬O¼v®g¬°©â¶Hªº¨Æª«¦p¥\¼w¡C¦b±ë¤åÃã¨å¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n¡Ap.260~261¤¤¡A´Nª½±µ±N¥¦¡]±ë¤å¡Gdaksinadewana¡^¸ÑÄÀ¬°assignment¡]to someone other than the donor or ¡@performer¡^of the profit from gifts or works of merit¡C·N§Y¡G°£¤F¥¬¬I©Î¦æªÌ¦Û¤v¤§¥~¡A±N¥¬¬I©Î¦æµ½©Ò±o¨ìªº§Q¯q©Î¥\¼w¬I¤©¥L¤H¡C
¤£¹L¡A¸g¤¤¤]¦³ª½±µ¤Þ¥Î¡u¥\¼w¡v¤§»y¦ppattim adasi¡C¨ÌRouse©ÒĶ¡Apattim adasi¬Ogiving the merit to¡A§Y±N¥\¼w¡]merit¡^µ¹¡]adasi¡^»P¤§·N¡C¡]¨£ª`9¡^¥t¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¨Ï¥Îanvadisi¡A^Ķ¬°made it over¡]¨£ª`11¡^¡Aº~Ķ¬°¡u°j¬I¡v¡C¦¹Áö¨S¦³¥\¼w¤§¦r²´¡AµM±q¤º®eªº¤ÀªR¡A©¼¥ç§tÄá¤F¥\¼w°j¦Vªº·N¨ý¡C
¡@¡@ºî¤W¨Ó»¡¡A°j¦V©Ò¥Îªº»yµü¤£¶È¬Oparinamana¦Ó¤w¡C¨Ì¾Ú«n¶Ç¸g¨å¡A¥ç¦³«Ü¦h»P°j¦V¬ÛÃöªº»y¥y¡A¦pdakkhinam adisi¡Bpattim adasi¡Banvadisiµ¥µ¥¡CµM¡A¤jP¤W°j¦V¥i»¡¬OÂহ¦V©¼ªº·N«ä¡F©ó¦ò±Ð¤¤¡A§Y¬O±NÓ¤Hªº×¦æ¥\¼wÂà¦V¤@ӥؼЩΨä¥L¤H¡C¦b¦¹¤è±¡A²b¼v¼z»·ªk®v¡A¤]§@¤F¤TºØ¤ÀÃþ¡A§YµÐ´£°j¦V¡B²³¥Í°j¦V¤Î¹ê»Ú°j¦V¡C[15]¥H¤W¥Dn¬O´N¡u°j¦V¡v¤§µüµ½°µ»¡©ú¡AÁö©Ò´£¨ì¡u°j¦V¡v¤@µü©ó¦U³B¤£¦P¸q§t¡AµM´N¦U®É´Á¤§¡u°j¦V¡v¸q§tºtÅܪº±´°Q¡A¨ì¤U¤@³¹¸`¤¤¸Ô½Í¡C
¦b¡mªü§t¸g¡n¨å¤¤³Ì¦ªº°j¦V«ä·Q¡A¤j©è¤W¬O¥H°j¦V¯Iºn¬°¥D¡A¦p¦b¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿2¡A¨÷21¡]561¸g¡^¡B26¡]656¸g¡^¡B27¡]726¡B727¡B738¡B741¡B742¡B744~747¸g¡^¡B28(764¸g)¡^¤¤¡A½Í¨ìפT¤Q¤C¹D«~®É¡A¥@´L«K§i¶D§Ì¤lÌn¡u¨Ì»·Â÷¡B¨ÌµL±ý¡B¨Ì·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡v¡C±Ë¡A¦p«e¤w»¡¡A¬O¯Iºnªº§O¦W¡C¬°¤°»ò¥@´Ln§Ì¤lÌ°j¦V©O¡H¥X®a×¹DªÌ¡Aµo¹½Â÷¤ß¡BÄ@Â÷¤T¬É·Ð´oªºÃ´¿£¡A³o¬O²z©Ò·íµMªº¨Æ¡A¦ý¦p¦ó¥hºûÅ@³o¥÷µo¤ß¡A¨º´N¤£¬O¨º»ò®e©öªº¤F¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥@´L¤~¦h¦¸¥mÀ{§Ì¤lÌn°j¦V©ó¸Ñ²æ¤W¡A¦Ó«D¬°¨ä¥¦ªº¤H¤ÑªG³ø¡C©Ò¥H¡A°j¦V¥i»¡¬OºûÅ@µo¤ß¡A¥O¤§ªø¤[«ùÄò¤£Åܪº¤@Ó«n¤èªk¡C¤£Â_ªº°j¦V¤]µ¥©ó®É®É¨è¨èªº´£¿ô¦Û¤v¡A²ö§Ñ·íªìªºµo¤ß¡A¦p¦¹¤p¤ßÁlÁlªººûÅ@µÛ¥¦¡A¤£Åý¥¦»´©öªº°h¥¢¡A¤D¦ÜµL©ú»P³g·RÂ_ºÉ¡A¹F¨ì¯Iºnªº¹Ò¬É¬°¤î¡A³o¤~¬O°j¦Vªº§@¥Î©Ò¦b¡C³o¼Ëªº°j¦V¡A¬Oì©l¦ò±Ð¤¤©Ò±`¨£¡A¤]¬O¦ò±Ð즳ªº¯S¦â¡C
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1¡B °j¦Vªº»y¸q«Ü¼s¡A±q±ë¤åparinama¤¤©Ò¯àª¾¹Dªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A§Y¦³°j¶¡B°j¤J¡B§ïÅÜ¡BÂà¦Vµ¥ªº·N¨ý¡C¥t¥~¡A«n¶Ç¸g¨å¤¤¤]¦³Ãö©ó°j¦Vªº¤º®e¡A¦ý©Ò¥Îªº»yµü«h¬Odakkhinam adisi¡Bpattim adasiµ¥¡CDakkhinam¡A±ë¤å¬Odaksina¡A¥¦Ìªºì·N¬O¨Ñ¾i©Î¨Ñ«~¡A³o¬O±Cùªù±Ð¤¤ì¦³ªº©w¸q¡A¦ý«á¨Ó«hºtÅܦ¨¬°ºÖ¼w¡]merrit¡^¡CAdisi©Îadewanam «h¬Oµ¹»Pªº·N«ä¡A©Ò¥H¨âªÌ¨Ö¦X¡A§Y¦³±NºÖ¼wµ¹»P¡]¥L¤H¡^ªº·N«ä¡A¥Ñ¦¹¤Þ¥ÓºÖ¼w°j¦V²³¥Í¤§·N¡C¦ò±Ð©Ò»¡ªº°j¦V¥Dn¥i¤À¬°¨âÂI¡A¤@¡B¦Û§Q¤è±¡A§Y°j¦V¤G¼ªº¯Iºn»P¤j¼ªºµÐ´£¡F¤G¡B§Q¥L¤è±¡A§Y°j¦V©ó²³¥Í©Î²b¦ò°ê¤g¡C
2¡B ±q¦U¸g½×¤¤¡A¥i¤F¸Ñ°j¦V¸g¥Ñì©l¦ò±Ð¨ìªì´Á¤j¼ªººtÅܹLµ{¡C°j¦V¨Ã«D¦ò±Ð¿W¦³¡A©¼©ó·í®Éªº¦L«×ªÀ·|¦¤w´¶¤Î¤Æ¡C¦ò±Ð±N¨ä¯Ç¤J°Q½×½d³ò¡A¤@¤è±¬O°ò©ó·í®Éªº»Ý¨D¡A¥t¤@¤è±«h±N¥¦¡A¥Ñ¥@«UªºÆ[©À¾É¤J¦òªkªºª¾¨£¡CµM¡A¦b¾ãÓ¦ò±Ð¾ú¥vªººtÅܤ¤¡A¨ä§t¸q¤Î¤º®e¤]ÀH¤§ÅܤơF±qµÛ«¦Û§Ú¸Ñ²æªº°j¦V¨ì¤T¤ß¡]µÐ´£Ä@¡B¤j´d¤ß¤ÎµL©Ò±o¼z¡^¬ÛÀ³ªº°j¦V¡A¥Ñ¦¹¤£Ãøµo²{¤j¤p¼«ä·Q©Ò³y¦¨¤§¼vÅT¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A°j¦V¬O±q³Ì°ò¼hªºªÀ·|¡Aµo¥Í¦b¹ï¦º«á¥Í¤Ñªº´Á±æ¤Î¹ï¤`ªÌªº±¥©À¡F¦ò±Ð«h±N¨ä¾É¤J¥X¥@¶¡ªº¥¿¨£¡A¥Oצ檺¥Ø¼Ð´Â¦V¸Ñ²æ¥Í¦º½ü°j¡B´d´¼¬ÛÀ³ªº¨s³º³B¡C¤×¨ä¬OµÛ«´d¤ßªº¤j¼¦ò±Ð¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¬OµÐÂĪº¥ô°È¡C¦¹¥~¡AצæªÌ¤]¥i¥HÂǵ۰j¦V¦Ó©¹¥Í©ó²b¤g¡C¦ýÀH©Ò¨Ì¾Úªº¸g¨å¤£¦P¡A©Ò¥H©¹¥Íªº±ø¥ó¤]¦³©Ò®t²§¡A¦pªüÓK¦ò²b¤g¥uÄá¤j¼®Ú©Êªº¤H¡A¦ÓªüÀ±ªû¦ò²b¤g«h®eÄá¤W¡B¤¤¡B¤U¤TºØ®Ú©Êªº¤H¡C¦¹¬O¤j¼¦ò±Ðªº¤è«Kªkªù¡C±q°j¦V©óµÐ´£¤~¯à©¹¥ÍªüÓK¦ò²b¤g¡A¨ì¥u¶·ºÙ©À¦W¸¹§Y¯à©¹¥ÍªüÀ±ªû¦ò²b¤g¡A¨ä¤¤¥i¨£²b¤gªkªùªº¶VÁͤè«K¡C
3¡B ¦Ü©ó°j¦Vªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡A¦U®a»¡ªkÁö²§¡A¦ý³£¦³¨ä©Ò¨£»P¤£¨£¡CÀs¾ðµÐÂĬO¥D±iºÖ¼w¤£¥i°j¦V¡A¦¹¶·«ÝªG³ø¦¨¼ô«á¡A¤~¯àµ¹»P²³¥Í¡C¦]¬°¡Aµ½¦æ©Ò±o¤§µ½·~Ê^¡A©ó½t°_ªº©w«ß¤W¬O¤£¯à»P¤Hªº¡A§_«h§Y¦³¦Û§@¥L¨üªº¤Ï±`²{¶H¡C¥i¬O¡AÀs¾ðµÐÂÄ«o©¿²¤¤F¦@·~¤§¤U©Ò²£¥Íªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C¨ä¹ê¡AYÂù¤èªº¦]½t³£¨ã¨¬ªº¸Ü¡A©¼¦¹¹ïµ½ªk³£¥Í°_¦@»ï¡A³q¹L°j¦VªÌªºµ½¦æ¡A¹ï¤è¤]¬O¯à°÷±o¨ì¯u¹ê§Q¯q¡C
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1. ©¤¤@^¡G¡q¤p«~¨t¯ëY¸gにおける¡u°j¦V¡vについて¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð½×ÂO¡n18¡A²b¤g©v±Ð¾Ç°|¡A¬L©M49¦~11¤ë10¤é¡Ap.140~143
2. ·ä³¡«Ø¡G¡q¥\¼wを¬Iするという¦Òえ¤è¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¾Çせミナ¡X¡n20¸¹¡A¤j¨¦¤j¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¬L©M49¦~¡Ap.93~100
3. °ªì«H¤@¡G¡q°j¬Iについて¡r¡A¡m©v±Ð¬ã¨s¡n242¸¹¡A1980¦~2¤ë¡Ap. 469~470
4. °ªì«H¤@¡G¡q°j¬Iについて¡r¡A¡mºÖ©£¤j¾Ç¤H¤å½×ÂO¡n11¨÷¡A4¸¹¡]³q¨÷43¸¹¡^¡AºÖ©£¤j¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡A1980¦~3¤ë¡Ap.1087~1104
5. ¯u³¥¶©®ü¡G¡q°j¦Vの»yについて¡r¡A¡m¤j¥¿¤j¾Ç¤j¾Ç°|¬ã¨s½×¶°¡n²Ä4¸¹¡A¤j¥¿¤j¾Ç¤j¾Ç°|¡A¬L©M55¦~3¤ë25¤é¡Ap.1~16
6. Meiko KAJIHARA¡G¡qOn the Parinamana Chapter of the Bodhicaryavatara¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç¬ã¨s¡n²Ä44¨÷²Ä2¸¹¡]³q¨÷²Ä80¸¹¡^¡A¤é¥»¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥¦¨4¦~3¤ë¡Ap.1062-1059
7. ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡mªì´Á¤j¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A²Ä7ª©¡A¥Á°ê81¦~3¤ë
8. ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡mµØ«B¶°¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê82¦~4¤ëªìª©¡A¦@¤¥U
9. ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡m»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡¬°¥Dªº½×®Ñ»P½×®v¤§¬ã¨s¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê81¦~3¤ë7¤é¡A723¶
10. ùe¤s¶¯¤@¡G¡q¯ëY«ä·Qの§Î¦¨¤§¡]7¡^¡B°j¦V¡r¡A¡mÁ¿®y¤j¼¦ò±Ð2¡n¡A¬K¬îªÀ¡A¬L©M53¦~¡Fº~Ķ¥»¡G³\¬v¥DĶ¡Aªkº¸¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê78¦~1¤ë1¤é
11. ùe¤s¶¯¤@¡G¡q¡uさとり¡vと¡u°j¦V¡v¡r¡AÁ¿½ÍªÀ¡A¬L©M58¦~11¤ë20¤é¡A²Ä¤@¨ê¡A209¶¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¡@
12. ®q¸q«p¡G¡qªì´Á¦ò±Ðにおけるûñ¦VÆ[¡r¡A¡m¦L¦ò¬ã¡n²Ä38¨÷²Ä2¸¹¡A¤é¥»¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥¦¨2¦~3¤ë¡Ap.883-881
13. ¥_¶ð¥úª@¡G¡q¥L¤O¦^¦Vと¦^¦V¤å¡r¡A¡m¦L«×õ¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡n±Ð4¸¹¡A¥_®ü¹D¦L«×õ¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥¦¨¤¸¦~10¤ë¡Ap.263~268
14. Vijay Nath:¡mDana: Gift system in Ancient India¡n, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1st published in 1987
15. øD¥°«H¡G¡q©¹ÁÙ¤GºØ¦^¦Vについて¡r¡A¡m¦L¦ò¬ã¡n²Ä36¨÷¡A²Ä2¸¹¡A¬L©M63¦~3¤ë
[1] ¥¤t¹ü½s¡AReiyukai¥Xª©¡A¤é¥»¡A1997
[2] Sir M.Monier Williams¡G¡mA Sanskrit-English Dictionary ¡np.591
[3] ¦Pª`1p.528
[4] ¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n, Franklin Edgerton, published by Risen Book Co.¡MJapan, 1985¡Mp.323
[5] ¦õ§U¬OÀH³ßªºÂÂĶ¡A¤£¹L¥ç¦³Ä¶¬°ÄU§U¦p¡m©ñ¥ú¯ëY¸g¡nªº¡qÄU§U«~¡r¡]¦è®ÊµLù¤eĶ¡^¡A¡m¹D¦æ¯ëY¸g¡nªº¡qâx©M©ëªÙùÄU§U«~¡r¡]«áº~¤ä°ú{Æ@Ķ¡^
[6] ½_¬z¬ö¤T¡A´¿§Ú³¡¥¿©¯½sĶ¡A®è¦¡·|ªÀ¦L¨ê¡A¬L©M63¦~10¤ë10¤é¦L¨êµo¦æ¡C
[7] °Ñ¦Ò¦L¶¶ªk®vµÛ¡mªÅ¤§±´¨s¡n¡G¯IºnªºªÅ¸q¡A¨ª»Éî䳡¡]tamrasatiya¡^¬O¥R¤Àª`·N¤Fªº¡C¦p¡yµLê¸Ñ¹D¡z©Ò»¡ªº³Ì¤WªÅ¡A³Ó¸qªÅ¡A³£¬O¬ù¯Iºn»¡ªº¡C®ø°£ªÅ¡A©wªÅ¡AÂ_ªÅ¡A¤î·ÀªÅ¡A¥XÂ÷ªÅµ¥¡A©Î²L©Î²`¡A¦Ó³Ì²`¹ýªº¡A¬O¨Ìªüùº~¹D¦Ó¤@¤Á·Ð´oªÅ¡C¯S§O¬O¤î·À¡]patipassaddhi¡^»P¥XÂ÷¡]nissarana¡^¡A´N¬O¡u¨ÌÂ÷¡A¨ÌÂ÷±ý¡A¨Ì¡]¤î¡^·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡vªºÂ÷»P·À¡C³o¨Ç¤å¦r¡A³£ªí¥ÜÒç°£·Ð´o¦Ó¥i¥H¦W¬°ªÅªº¡F¤]¥i¥Hªí¥Ü¯Iºn˜K¡C©Ò¥H¥|©À¦íªº¤£²b¡AW¡AµL±`¡AµL§Ú¡A¤]³QºÙ¬°²bªÅ¡A¼ÖªÅ¡A±`ªÅ¡A§ÚªÅ¤F¡C¤@¤Á·Ð´o·À¢w¢w¤@¤Á·Ð´oªÅ¡A·Ð´oªº§¹¥þ¥XÀJ¡]·À¡AªÅ¡^¡A´N¬O¡u·À¡]¿Í¡^¡A¯Iºn¡v¡A¦p¡yµLê¸Ñ¹D¡zªº¡uÂ÷½×¡v©Ò»¡¡C
³Ì¤WªÅªº¤º®e¡A¡yÂøªü§t¸g¡z¤]¦h³B»¡¨ì¡A¦p»¡¡G¡u¦¹«h±IÀR¡A¦¹«h³Ó§®¡A©Ò¿×±Ë¡AÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡A·RºÉ¡AµL±ý¡A·ÀºÉ¡A¯Iºn¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A220a¡^¡C°£¤F¨÷¤@¡³¡]¦p¤W©Ò¤Þ¡^»¡¨ì¡u¤@¤Á¦æªÅ±I¡v¥~¡A¤@«ß³£Ä¶§@¡u±Ë¡v¡C¯Iºn¡A¦b¡yªü§t¸g¡z¤¤¡A¬O¥H·Ð´oªº·ÀºÉ¡AijB¡]¨¤ß¡^·À¦Ó¤£¦A¥Í°_¨Óªí¥Üªº¡A¦p¤õ·À¤@¼Ë¡C¦ý¥H§_©w¡]¾B»º¡^¤è¦¡¨Óªí¥Ü¡A¨Ã¤£µ¥©ó¨S¦³¡Cªí¥Ü¶W¶V¤@¤Áªº¡A¤£¥i«äij©Ê¡A¥i¥H¦³¤T¨Ò¡C¤@¡B¦p¡yÂøªü§t¸g¡z¨÷¤T¥|¡]¤j¥¿¤G¡E¤G¥|¥|¡^»¡¡G¡u¬Æ²`¡A¼s¤j¡AµL¶q¡AµL¼Æ¡A¬Ò±x±I·À¡v¡C¡]p.120¡^
[8] ¨ä¥L¡AÁÙ¦³¤p³¡¸g¨å¡A¡mÆ{±C§Q«~¡n¤¤ªº¡mªÙ§Q¥±¥À°¨Æ¡n¡B¡mÃøªû°¨Æ¡n¡B¡mÅv°Ó°¨Æ¡n¡BSerinipetavatthu¡m¶ë§Q¥§°¨Æ¡nµ¥¡]Pv.p. 8~42, p.58/º~Ķ«n¶Ç 28¡Ap.15~26, p.48¡^
[9] ¡mSacred Books of the Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n, ¡mPeta-Stories¡n, ¡qBald Headed¡r, Translated by U Ba Kyaw, edited and annotated by Peter Masefield, published by The Pali Text Society, London, 1980, 1st¡@ edition, p.52~53:
5.Having clothed him, assign that donation to me (etaj acchadayitvana mama dakkhinaj adisa):have this layfollower clothed with that cloak that was being given to me and assign that donation to me, give (for me) a gift that is assigned. Then I will be happy¡K¡K..
6¡K¡Kassigned the donation to her (tassa dakkhinaj adisuj).
[10] ¡mA Dictionary of the of the Pali Language¡nby Robert Caesar Childers, ¡¨ by Robert Caesar Childers, published by The Rinsen Book Company, Japan :
Patti (f.): ¡Kis sometimes used for the merit, gain, advantage or prospective reward of a good action, and this merit may be transferred by supererogation to another by an exercise of the will.
[11] Translated by W. H. D. Rouse, M.A., published by The Pali Text Society, Oxford, 1995.
[12] Made over (anvadisi): assigned; to show to whom he dedicated it on that occasion¡K(¦Pª`8¡Apg.193) ¡@
[13] ¦L¶¶ªk®vµÛ¡mì©l¦ò±Ð¸t¨å¤§¶°¦¨¡np601¡G
¡u¤j¯IºnÄ´³ë¡v¡A¡yÂø¨Æ¡z¦³¦ò¤J¯Iºnªº°Oz¡C±q¦ò¦b¤ýªÙ«°Ra^jagr!ha¬°¦æ«BVars!a$ka^ra»¡¤Cªk¡B¤»ªk°_¡A¸gªi¦\Â÷¤lPa^t!aliputra¡BÏiªÙÂ÷Vais/a^li^¡A¦Ó¦VªiªiPa^va¡A¥½¤F¨ì©ë¤r¨ºKus/inagara¤J¯Iºn14¡C¦ò¤J¯Iºn¨Æ¡A»P¡yªøªü§t¸g¡zªº¡y¹C¦æ¸g¡z¡A¡yªø³¡¡zªº¡y¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g¡z¬Û·í15¡C¥H¤J¯Iºnªº³¡¤À¦ò¶Ç¬°¡uÄ´³ë¡v¡A»P²{¦sªº±ë¥»¡yÄ´³ë¶°¡zDivya$vada^na¬Û¦X¡C¡u«ù«ßªÌ»¡¡v¡A³o¬O»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡«ß®vªº¶Ç»¡¡C
[14] ¡mThe Divyavadana¡nedited by E.B. Cowell, published by Indological Book House, India, 2nd edition 1987.
[15] ¼z»·ªk®v¼¶¡G¡m¤j¼¸q³¹¡n¨÷9¡E¤j¥¿44. 636c¡G
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[17] °Ñ¦Ò¡GVijay Nath:¡mDana: Gift system in Ancient India¡n, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1st published in 1987.
[18] °Ñ¦Ò¡G¦L¶¶¾É®v¡A¡mì©l¦ò±Ð¸t¨å¤§¶°¦¨¡np.849~852¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê¤»¤Q¦~¤G¤ëªìª©¡C
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