°j¦V¤§ªì±´

 

ÄÀ¦L¿Ä

 

´£¡@­n

 

°j¦V¤@»y³e¦ê¾ã­Ó¦ò±Ðµo®i¥v¡A¬Ò¥i´M±o¨äÂܸñ¡C¤×¨ä¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¿³°_¤§«á¡A°j¦V·N¸qÂà²`Âà¼s¡CµM¨ä¥»¸q¤Î¥i¦æ©Ê¬°¦ó¡A¬O¤@­Ó­È±o²`¤J±´°Qªº½ÒÃD¡C

¡u°j¦V¡v¡A¬O«á´Á¸g½×©Ò¤@³e¨Ï¥ÎªºÄ¶»y¡A¦b¦­´Áªº¸g½×«h¤£µM¡AÁöµMĶ»y¦U¤£¬Û¦P¡A¦ý³£¦³°j¦Vªº·N¸q¡C¤j­P¤W°j¦VªºÃþ§O¦³¨âºØ¡G¤@ªÌ¬O¦b¦Û§Q¤W¦Ó½Í°j¦V¸Ñ²æ©ÎµÐ´£¡A¤GªÌ¬O¦b§Q¥L¤W¦Ó½Í°j¦V²³¥Í¡C­ì©l¦ò±Ð¥D­n°¾­«¦b¸Ñ²æ¡A°j¦V²³¥Í¤è­±«h¤Ö¡AµM¦b³¡¬£»P¤j­¼®É´Á¡A°j¦Vªº¤º®e¤£¦ý´£ª@¡A¥Bº¥º¥¦aµo®i¦¨¡GÄ@¨DµÐ´£¡A¤j´d«×²³»PµL©Ò±oªº°j¦V¡C

¦Ü©ó°j¦V²³¥Í¡A¥L­Ì¬O§_¯u¯à±o¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³»{¬°³o¬O¤£¥i¯àªº¡A¦pÀs¾ðµÐÂÄ»{¬°¡G¡u¬OºÖ¼w¤£¥i±o»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¦ÓªG³ø¥i»P¡v¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¦]¦aºÖ¼wªº°j¦V¡A²³¥Í¨Ã¤£¯à±o¨ì¡A¦Ó¶·¨ìµÐÂĤ§ªG³ø²{«e®É¡A¤~¯à¯u¥¿¥h§Q¯q²³¥Í¡F¦ý¦³¨Ç¸g½×«h»{¬°¦³¦¹¥i¯à¡Cºî¦X±´°Q¤G»¡¤§®t²§«á¡Aµo²{°j¦V¤§¥i¦æ©Ê¬O¨Ì¯à©Ò¤G¤è¬O§_¯à±a°_·~¤Oªº¤¬·P¡]¦p¦@·~¡^¦Ó©w¡A¨Ì¦¹¨Ó½×°j¦V¯à·PªG»P§_¡A¤£¦ý²Å¦X·~·P½t°_¤§¾Ç»¡¡A¥ç¥i·|³q¤G»¡¡C

 

¤j¡@¡@ºõ

 

¤@¡B«e¡@¨¥

¤G¡B°j¦V¤§»y¸q

¤T¡B°j¦V§t¸qªººtÅÜ

¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^­ì©l¦ò±Ð®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢°¡D°j¦V©ó¯Iºn

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢±¡D¨M©w·~³ø»P©¹¥Íµ½½ì

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢²¡D¥¬¬I»P°j¦V

¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^³¡¬£¦ò±Ð®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢°¡DÄ~©Óªü§t¤§»¡ªk

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢±¡D¦³³¡¤§µÐÂÄ«ä·Q¤¤ªº°j¦V

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢²¡DºÖ»P¹ØÂàÅܤ§°j¦V

¡@¡@¡]¤T¡^ªì´Á¤j­¼®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢°¡D»PµÐ´£Ä@¡B¤j´d¤ß¡BµL©Ò±o¬ÛÀ³

¡@¡@¡@¡@¢±¡D²b¤gªkªù¤¤©Ò½Íªº°j¦V

¡@¡@¡]¥|¡^¤p¡@µ²

¥|¡B°j¦V¤§¥i¦æ©Ê

¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^Às¾ðªº¬Ýªk

¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^²³¥Íªº¦]½t

¤­¡Bµ²¡@½×

 

 

¤@¡B«e¡@¨¥

 

¥»¤å¥D­n±´°Qªº¤è¦V¦³¤T­Ó¡A¤@ªÌ¡A°j¦Vªº»y¸q¡F¤GªÌ¡A°j¦V¦b¦ò±Ð¤¤ªººtÅÜ¡F¤TªÌ¡A°j¦Vªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡C¦b»y¸q¤è­±¡A¥D­n¥H«n¡B¥_¶Ç¤§¸g¨å¬°¨Ì¾Ú¡A¤Î±ë¡B¤ÚÃã¨å¤¤±´¨ä·N¸q¡C¹ï©óºtÅܬyµ{¡A¶È¥H­ì©l¦ò±Ð¦Üªì´Á¤j­¼¬°­­¡C¦Ü©ó¥i¦æ©Ê¤è­±¡A«h±q¦³­­¤§¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¨Ó§@±´°Q¡C

 

 

¤G¡B°j¦V¤§»y¸q

 

¥­¤t¹ü¥ý¥Í¡A©ó¨ä©Ò½s¿èªº¡m¦ò±Ðº~±ë¤jÃã¨å¡n[1]¤º¡A¹ï°j¦Vªº±ë¤å¥Îµüª`¦³¡G

parinamana, pari-nam¡]¡Ônam¡^, parinamayati¡Fabhoga, nata, nati, namayati, parinata,parinati, parinamana, parinamanata, parinamayitr, parinamita, parinama, parinamaka, parinamana, parinamayitavya, parinamika, parinamita, paripatayati, samyak-parinamana¡C­Y¬O±qpari-nam ¨Ó¤ÀªRªº¸Ü¡]pari ¬O±µÀYµü¡A¡Ônam¬O»y®Ú¡^¡Apari ©Î pari ¦³µÛ round about¡Mtowards to[2]¡A§Y°j¶¤Î´Â¦Vªº·N«ä¡F¦Ó¡Ônam ªº§t¸q¦³ to bend¡Mto turn towards[3]¡A¬O¦±§é¡BÂàÅܤè¦V¤§·N¡C¦Ó¦b¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n[4]¡A¹ï©óparinamana«hµ¹¤©change¡Malteration¡Mtransforma-tion¡Mchange of form, change in direction ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡Aªí¥Ü§ïÅÜ¡BÂàÅÜ©ÎÂà¦Vµ¥¡C¦b±ë¥»¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¨å¤¤¡A´N¤Þ¥Î¤F anumodana-parinamana-parvartah¡A¤]´N¬OÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡C³o¬Û·í©ó¡m¤p«~¯ë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¤¤ªº¡q¦õ§U«~¡r[5]»P¡q°j¦V«~¡r¡]«á¯³¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°Ä¶¡^¡A¡m¤j«~¯ë­Y¸g¡n²Ä¥|·|¡qÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡r(­ð¥È®NĶ)»P¡m¦ò»¡¦ò¥À¥X¥Í¤TªkÂïë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¤§¡qÀH³ß°j¦V«~¡r¡]§º¬IÅ@Ķ¡^¡C

¦b¡m«n¶ÇÂán¤¤¡A«h¨£¦³parinameti©Îparinamati¦³°j¤J©ó¦Û¤vªº¨Ï¥Î¤ÎÅܲ§ªº·N«ä¡A¦p¤U¡G

1. «ßÂÃ

 

¤Ú¡Gjanaj sajghikaj labhaj parinataj attano parinamento dve ap. ap.¡Fparinameti pay. dukk.¡Fparinamite pay. dukk.¡Fparinamite niss. niss. pacittiyaj. ¡]Vinaya-pitaka ¢º, p.37¡^

º~¡G©úª¾¬°¨Ñ¾i¹¬¤§ª«¡A¦Ó°j¤J¬°¤v¦³ªÌ¡A¡K¡K¨âºØ¡K¡K°j¤J¤§«e¦æªÌ¡A¬ð¦Nù¡A¤w°j¤JªÌ¡A±Ë¼Z¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç5¡Ap.56¡^

 

2. ¬ÛÀ³³¡

 

¤Ú¡Gtassa Aham rupam mama rupan ti pariyutthatthayino taj rupam parinamati abbatha hoti¡ütassa rupaviparinamabbathabhava uppajjanti sokaparideva-dukkhadomanassu-payasa¡ü¡]Sajyutta-nikaya ¢», p.3¡^

º~¡G©¼¤H¡A¦íÄñ©ó§Ú¬O¦â¡A¦â¬O§Ú©Ò¡A©¼¦âÅÜ©ö¡BÅܲ§¡C©¼¤H©ó¦â¤§ÅÜ©ö¡BÅܲ§¡A¦Ó¥Í·T¡B´d¡B­W¡B¼~¡B´o¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç15¡Ap.4¡^

 

3. ½×

 

ishyate parinamaw ca kim vijbanasya neshyate¡ü¡]¡m±ëº~©M¹ï·Ó¥@¿Ë°ßÃѽסe¤T¤Q¹|¡B¤G¤Q½×¡f¡^­ì¨å¡np.14¡^[6]

°_¦p¬OÂàÅÜ¡A©óÃѦ󤣳\¡C¡]¡m±ëº~©M¹ï·Ó¥@¿Ë°ßÃѽסe¤T¤Q¹|¡B¤G¤Q½×¡f¡^­ì¨å¡np.15¡^

 

°£¤F¥H¤Wªº§t¸q¤§¥~¡A¦b¡m¬ÛÀ³³¡¡n¡]Sajyutta-nikaya ¢½, p.38,45,47,49¡^¤¤¡A¤]¦³½Í¹D¡G

 

¤Ú¡GIdha bhikkhave bhikkhu sammaditthij bhaveti vivekanissitaj viraganissitaj¡@ nirodhanissitaj vossaggaparinamij¡ü¡]p.42¡^

¡@¡@

³o¬Û·í©ó¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¨÷28¡A764¸g¤¤©Ò¤ª¡G

 

¦óµ¥¬°­×¤K¸t¹D¡H¬O¤ñ¥C¡A­×¥¿¨£¡A¨Ì»·Â÷¡A¨ÌµL±ý¡A¨Ì·À¦V©ó±Ë¡F­×¥¿§Ó¡B

¥¿»y¡B¥¿·~¡B¥¿©R¡B¥¿¤è«K¡B¥¿©À¡B¥¿©w¡A¨Ì»·Â÷¡A¨ÌµL±ý¡A¨Ì·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡A¬O¦W­×¤K¸t¹D¡C¡]¤j¥¿2¡A200b6~10¡^

 

±Ë¡]vossagga¡^¬Ûµ¥©ó±I·À©Î¯Iºnªº·N«ä¡A¦p¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n©Ò»¡¡u¦¹«h±IÀR¡A¦¹«h³Ó§®¡A©Ò¿×±Ë¡AÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡A·RºÉ¡AµL±ý¡A·ÀºÉ¡A¯Iºn¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A220a¡^¡C¸g¤¤¤S¨¥¡A¹ï©óµL±`ªk¡]¤­Ä­¡^À³·í¡uª¾¡BÂ_¡BºÉ¡B¦R¡B¤î¡B±Ë¡B·À¡B¨S¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A45c15~49a13¡^¡C³o¨Ç¤å¦r¡G»·Â÷¡BµL±ý¡B·À¡B±Ë¡BÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡B·RºÉ¡Bª¾¡BÂ_¡B¦R¡B¤î¡B¨Sµ¥µ¥³£¬O²§¦W¹ê¦P¡A¤]³£¬Oªí¥Ü¯Iºn¡C¥u¤£¹L¡mªü§t¸g¡n¦³®É¬O¥H¾B»ºªº¤è¦¡¨Óªí¹F·Ð´oªº®ø°£¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O«ü¯Iºn¦Ó¨¥¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦V©ó±Ë¤]´N¬O¦V©ó¸Ñ²æ¡C[7]

¡@¡@¥t¥~¡A¦b¡m«n¶ÇÂán¤¤¡A¤]¦³´£¨ì±N¥¬¬I¥\¼w°j¬I¤©¥L¡AÁö¨S¦³¹³ parinamana ¨º¼Ëªº»ºµü¥Î¥y¡A¦ý±q¤º®e¤W¨Ó¬Ý¦ü¥G´N¬O¥\¼w°j¦V»P²³¥Í¡A¥O¥L­ÌÂ÷­W±o¼Öªº±¡§Î¡A¦p¥H¤U©ÒÁ|[8]¡G

1. Samsaramocakapetavatthu¡]¡mÂ÷½ü°j°­¨Æ¡n¡^¡G

 

¤Ú¡GSadhu ti so patissutva Sariputto ¡¥nukampako bhikkhunaj alopaj darva ¡@¡@panimattabcacolakaj thalakassa ca paniyaj tassa dakkhinam adisi.

Samanantaranudditthe vipako upapajjatha bhojanacchadanapaniyaj

dakkhinaya idaj phalaj¡]¡mPetavatthu¡n p.15¡^

­^¡G¡¥ ¡§Very well¡¨, consented Sariputa, possessing pity, and gave to the monks a morsel, a piece of cloth measuring a hand and a bowl of water and assigned the donation to her(tassa dakkhinam adisi)[9].(¡mSacred Books of The Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n,¡mPeta-Stories¡n, p.75)

º~¡Gµ½«vµª©¼¤k¡A´d²`ªÙ§Q¥±¡A¬I¤ñ¥C¤Ö­¹¡A´x¤j¤§¥¬¤ù¡A»P²Úª»¶¼ª«¡A¥¬¬I¬°©¼¤k¡F«b¨º¤§©^Äm¡A¥ß§YªGÀ³²{¡C¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç28¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤T¡A¾j°­¨Æ¸g¡Ap.13¡^

 

2. Macchuddanajataka¡]¡m³½¸s¥»¥ÍÃÓ¡n¡^¡G

 

¤Ú¡GBodhisatto atirekabhattam Gabgaya macchanam datva nadidevataya pattim[10] adasi, devata pattim anumoditva yeva ca dibbena yasena vaddhitva attano yasavaddhim avajjamana tam karanam abbasi.( Jataka Vol.II, p.423,l.24~27)

­^¡GThe Bodhisatta threw what he left into the Ganges for the fishes, giving the merit to the river-spirit. The spirit accepted this with gratification, which increased her divine power, and on thinking over this increase of her power, became aware what had happened.(¡mThe Jakata or Stories of The Buddha¡¦s Former Births¡n, vol.II, p.288)[11]

 

¦¹·N§Y¬O¡GµÐÂıN¥L©Ò³Ñ¾lªº¡]­¹ª«¡^¥µµ¹ùÚªe¤¤ªº³½¨à­Ì¡A¨Ã±N¦¹ºÖ¼w¨Ñ¾iªe¯«¡Cªe¯«±o¨ì©¼ºÖ¼w°j¦V«á¡A¯«¤O­¿¼W¡A¤º¤ßÅw³ß¡A¥ç©ú¨ä­ì¡C

 

¤Ú¡GMacchanaj bhojanaj datva mama dakkhinam adisi, taj dakkhinaj saranti-yakataj apacitij taya ti¡]Ja. vol.¢º, p.425¡^

­^¡GYou fed the fish, and gave a gift to me. This I remember, and your piety.

(¡mThe Jakata or Stories of The Buddha¡¦s Former Births¡n, vol.II, p.289)

º~¡G¡]ªe¯«¨¥¡G¡^»P­¹©ó³½±Ú¡A»P§Ú¨Ñ¾i¼w¡A¨Ñ¾i§Ú»Ê°O¡A»Ê°O¦¼´L·q¡C

¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç34¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤»¡A¥»¥Í¸g¡A p.155~157¡^

 

3. Sanuvasipetavatthu¡]¡mÂħV¥Ë¦è°­¨Æ¡n¡^

 

¤Ú¡GNiyyatayijsu therassa thero savghaj nimantayi datva anvadisi thero matu pitu ca bhatuno¡Gidaj me batinaj hotu sukhita hontu batayo.¡]Pv. p.50¡^

­^¡GThey(the twelve other monks) handed it over to the elder and the elder invited the Sangha. When he had given the elder made it over[12] to his mother, father and brother saying, ¡§Let this be for my relatives! May my relatives be happy!¡¨ (¡mSacred Books of The Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n, ¡mPeta-Stories¡n, p.192)

º~¡G©¼µ¥¬Iªø¦Ñ¡Aªø¦Ñ©Û¹¬²³¡A¦p¬O¬I»P­¹¡A¬°¤÷¥À¥S§Ì¡A¦Ó¥H§@°j¬I¡C

¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç 28¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤T¡Ap.42¡^

 

·N§Y¡G¥L­Ì±N­¹ª«¬I»Pªø¦Ñ¡A©ó¬Oªø¦ÑÁܽФF¹¬²³¡C·í¥L¨Ñ¾i¹¬²³³º¡A¥LÂহ¡]¥\¼w¡^¬°©¼¥À¡B¤÷¤Î¥S¨ÃÁn¨¥¡G¡uÄ@¦¹»P§Ú¿Ë¤H¡IÄ@§Ú¿Ë¤H§Ö¼Ö¡I¡v

 

4. Svagata¡]µ½¨Ó¡^

 

±ë¡Gbhagavan daksinadewanam krtva prakrantah¡]¡mThe Divyavadana¡n[¡mÄ´³ë¶°¡n[13]]p.179.20¡^[14]

 

·N§Y¡G¥@´L¡A±N¡e¥\¼w¡f¬I»P¤`ªÌ¡C

Ãö©ódakkhinam¡]= dakkhina¡^, ¦b¡mDictionary of the Pali Language¡np.109-108¡AĶ¬°a gift; a present to Buddhist priest; an offering to a peta¡]ghost¡^¡A§Y§ª«¡B¨Ñ¾i¥X®a¤Hªºª««~¡A©Î¬I¤©°­ªº¨Ñ«~¡C¦Ó a¡Ôdis¡]= adisati, p.15¡^¡A±q¡mDictionary of the Pali Language¡n¤¤¶È¦³to show, to point out, to tell¡A§Y«ü¥Ü¡B«ü¥X»P»¡¥Xªº·N«ä¡C°£¥H¤W©Ò»¡¤§¥~¡A¦b±ë­^Ãã¨å¡mA Sanskrit-English Dictionary¡np.137¤º¡A a-¡ÔdiwÁÙ¥]§t¤Fto declare¡A§Y«Å¥Üªº·N«ä¡Cºî¦X¨âªÌ¡A¥i»¡¬O«Å¥Ü¦¹Â§ª«¬O­nµ¹¤©¬Y¤Hªº¡C¦ý¬O¡A­Y®Ú¾Ú¥H¤W©Ò¤Þªº¸g¤å¡Adakkhinam¤£¶È¬O§ª«©Î¨Ñ«~µ¥¦Ó¤w¡A¸g¨å©Ò±ýªí¹Fªº¡A¤w¬O¶W¥G¤@¯ë©Ò¿×ªºª«½è©ÊªF¦è¡A¦Ó¬O¼v®g¬°©â¶Hªº¨Æª«¦p¥\¼w¡C¦b±ë¤åÃã¨å¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n¡Ap.260~261¤¤¡A´Nª½±µ±N¥¦¡]±ë¤å¡Gdaksinadewana¡^¸ÑÄÀ¬°assignment¡]to someone other than the donor or ¡@performer¡^of the profit from gifts or works of merit¡C·N§Y¡G°£¤F¥¬¬I©Î¦æªÌ¦Û¤v¤§¥~¡A±N¥¬¬I©Î¦æµ½©Ò±o¨ìªº§Q¯q©Î¥\¼w¬I¤©¥L¤H¡C

¤£¹L¡A¸g¤¤¤]¦³ª½±µ¤Þ¥Î¡u¥\¼w¡v¤§»y¦ppattim adasi¡C¨ÌRouse©ÒĶ¡Apattim adasi¬Ogiving the merit to¡A§Y±N¥\¼w¡]merit¡^µ¹¡]adasi¡^»P¤§·N¡C¡]¨£ª`9¡^¥t¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¨Ï¥Îanvadisi¡A­^Ķ¬°made it over¡]¨£ª`11¡^¡Aº~Ķ¬°¡u°j¬I¡v¡C¦¹Áö¨S¦³¥\¼w¤§¦r²´¡AµM±q¤º®eªº¤ÀªR¡A©¼¥ç§tÄá¤F¥\¼w°j¦Vªº·N¨ý¡C

¡@¡@ºî¤W¨Ó»¡¡A°j¦V©Ò¥Îªº»yµü¤£¶È¬Oparinamana¦Ó¤w¡C¨Ì¾Ú«n¶Ç¸g¨å¡A¥ç¦³«Ü¦h»P°j¦V¬ÛÃöªº»y¥y¡A¦pdakkhinam adisi¡Bpattim adasi¡Banvadisiµ¥µ¥¡CµM¡A¤j­P¤W°j¦V¥i»¡¬OÂহ¦V©¼ªº·N«ä¡F©ó¦ò±Ð¤¤¡A§Y¬O±N­Ó¤Hªº­×¦æ¥\¼wÂà¦V¤@­Ó¥Ø¼Ð©Î¨ä¥L¤H¡C¦b¦¹¤è­±¡A²b¼v¼z»·ªk®v¡A¤]§@¤F¤TºØ¤ÀÃþ¡A§YµÐ´£°j¦V¡B²³¥Í°j¦V¤Î¹ê»Ú°j¦V¡C[15]¥H¤W¥D­n¬O´N¡u°j¦V¡v¤§µüµ½°µ»¡©ú¡AÁö©Ò´£¨ì¡u°j¦V¡v¤@µü©ó¦U³B¤£¦P¸q§t¡AµM´N¦U®É´Á¤§¡u°j¦V¡v¸q§tºtÅܪº±´°Q¡A¨ì¤U¤@³¹¸`¤¤¸Ô½Í¡C

 

 

¤T¡B °j¦V§t¸qªººtÅÜ

 

¡@¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^­ì©l¦ò±Ð®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¢°¡D°j¦V©ó¯Iºn

¦b¡mªü§t¸g¡n¨å¤¤³Ì¦­ªº°j¦V«ä·Q¡A¤j©è¤W¬O¥H°j¦V¯Iºn¬°¥D¡A¦p¦b¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿2¡A¨÷21¡]561¸g¡^¡B26¡]656¸g¡^¡B27¡]726¡B727¡B738¡B741¡B742¡B744~747¸g¡^¡B28(764¸g)¡^¤¤¡A½Í¨ì­×¤T¤Q¤C¹D«~®É¡A¥@´L«K§i¶D§Ì¤l­Ì­n¡u¨Ì»·Â÷¡B¨ÌµL±ý¡B¨Ì·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡v¡C±Ë¡A¦p«e¤w»¡¡A¬O¯Iºnªº§O¦W¡C¬°¤°»ò¥@´L­n§Ì¤l­Ì°j¦V©O¡H¥X®a­×¹DªÌ¡Aµo¹½Â÷¤ß¡BÄ@Â÷¤T¬É·Ð´oªºÃ´¿£¡A³o¬O²z©Ò·íµMªº¨Æ¡A¦ý¦p¦ó¥hºûÅ@³o¥÷µo¤ß¡A¨º´N¤£¬O¨º»ò®e©öªº¤F¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥@´L¤~¦h¦¸¥mÀ{§Ì¤l­Ì­n°j¦V©ó¸Ñ²æ¤W¡A¦Ó«D¬°¨ä¥¦ªº¤H¤ÑªG³ø¡C©Ò¥H¡A°j¦V¥i»¡¬OºûÅ@µo¤ß¡A¥O¤§ªø¤[«ùÄò¤£Åܪº¤@­Ó­«­n¤èªk¡C¤£Â_ªº°j¦V¤]µ¥©ó®É®É¨è¨èªº´£¿ô¦Û¤v¡A²ö§Ñ·íªìªºµo¤ß¡A¦p¦¹¤p¤ßÁlÁlªººûÅ@µÛ¥¦¡A¤£Åý¥¦»´©öªº°h¥¢¡A¤D¦ÜµL©ú»P³g·RÂ_ºÉ¡A¹F¨ì¯Iºnªº¹Ò¬É¬°¤î¡A³o¤~¬O°j¦Vªº§@¥Î©Ò¦b¡C³o¼Ëªº°j¦V¡A¬O­ì©l¦ò±Ð¤¤©Ò±`¨£¡A¤]¬O¦ò±Ð­ì¦³ªº¯S¦â¡C

 

¢±¡D ¨M©w·~³ø»P©¹¥Íµ½½ì

°j¦V©ó¥X¥@¶¡¬O¡mªü§t¸g¡nªº¥D­n¥Øªº¡A¦ý¤]¦³°j¦V©ó¥@¶¡ªG³ø¡A¦p¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¨÷48¡A¦³¤»¤Ñ¤kÄU¤@¦ì¨Ó¦Ü©ëÂÄù°ê¡A¦W¥s²Ê¤ûªº¼uµ^¤H»¡¡G

¡@

­Y¨k¤l¤k¤H¡A³Ó§®¦ç´f¬I¡A¬I¦ç¦]½t¬G¡A©Ò¥Í±o®í³Ó¡A¬I©Ò·R©Àª«¡A¥Í¤ÑÀH©Ò±ý¡F¨£§Ú©~®c·µ¡A­¼ªÅ¦Ó¹C¦æ¡A¤Ñ¨­¦pª÷»E¡A¤Ñ¤k¦Ê¤¤³Ó¡AÆ[¹î´µºÖ¼w¡A¨¥°j¦V¤¤¤§³Ì¡C(¤j¥¿2¡A353b26~354a22)

 

³o¬OÆg´­¥Í¤Ñªº®í³Ó¡A¹ªÀy¤H­Ì­n°j¦V©ó©¼¡C¦¹³B°j¦V»Pªü§t¤¤©Ò¨£¤@¯ë°j¦V¸qÅãµM¦³§O¡AµM§Y¨Ï¬O¥@¶¡ºÖ³øªº°j¦V¡A¤´¬O¤£¥X¡u¦Û§@¦Û¨ü¡vªº½d³ò¡A©|¨£¤£¨ì°j¦V¥L¤H¤§¸q¡C¥t¥~¡A¦b½Í½×¨ì·~³ø°ÝÃDªº®É­Ô¡A¦³»¡ÀH­«·~¡BÀH²ß®ð¡BÀH¾Ð©À[16]¨Ó¨M©wªG³øªº©w¦V¡A¦Ó°j¦V¤]¬O¦³¨M©wªG³ø½ì¦Vªº§@¥Î¡A¦p¡m¦ò¬°­º­{ªøªÌ»¡·~³ø®t§O¸g¡n´£¨ì»¡¡G

 

´_¦³·~¯à¥O²³¥Í±o¨M©w³ø¡A­Y¤H©ó¦òªk¹¬¤Î«ù§Ù¤H©Ò¡A¥H¼W¤W¤ß¬I¡A¥H¦¹µ½·~µoÄ@°j¦V¡A§Y±o©¹¥Í¡A¬O¦W¨M©w©¹¥Í¡A¬O¦W¨M©w³ø·~¡C­Y·~«D¼W¤W¤ß§@¡A§ó¤£­×²ß¡A¤S¤£µoÄ@°j¦V¨ü¥Í¡A¬O¦W¤£©w³ø·~¡C¡]¤j¥¿1¡A893a27~b18¡^

 

©Ò¥H¡A¥­®É°£¤F¿n·¥­×µ½¡A²Ö¿n¤@¤ÁºÖ¼w¸ê³¤§¥~¡AµoÄ@°j¦V©óµ½½ì¤]¬O¬Û·í­«­n¡C³oµS¦p¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¨÷33¡]¤j¥¿2¡A237b28~29¡^¤¤¡A¦ò§i¼¯¶F¨k»¡¡G¡u²ö®£²ö©Æ¡A©R²×¤§«á¤£¥Í´c½ì²×¥çµL´c¡AÄ´¦p¤j¾ð¶¶¤U¶¶ª`¶¶¿é¡v¡C­Y¤j¾ð¬O¶É©¹ªF¤è¦Óªø¡A­Y¦³¤@¤Ñ³Q¬å¤U¡A¥¦¤@©w·|©¹ªF¤è­Ë¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡A­Y¤H¸g±`±N©Ò­×ªºµ½·~°j¦V©óµ½³B¡A¦º«á§Y±o©¹¥Í©ó©¼³B¡CµoÄ@»P°j¦V©¹©¹³£¬O¬Û´£¨Ã½×¡AµoÄ@¥i»¡¬O±ý¤ß©Ò¡A°j¦V«h¬O±N¥Ø¼Ð³]©w¡F¦³¤F±ý¨Dªº¤ß¡A¦A¥[¤W¥Ø¼Ðªº½T©w¡A³o¤~¯à¨M©w¥¼¨ÓªºªG³ø¦p¦ó¡C

¡@¡@¦¹¸q¤§°j¦V»P°j¦V¯Iºn¦³¬Û¦ü¤§³B¡A¨ä¤¤®t§O¥u¬O¤@ªÌ¬O°j¦V¤H¤Ñµ½³B¡A¤@ªÌ¬O¥X¥@¶¡¸Ñ²æ³B¡CµM¤GªÌ¬Ò¬O«ü·N§Ó¡B·N¦V©ÒÁÍ¡A¥\¼w¤O¤§¶°»E¡A¾ÉÂk¤@³B¤§·N¡C

 

¢²¡D ¥¬¬I»P°j¦V

¦b¦­´Áªº¦L«×¡A¥¬¬I¤w¦¨¬°¤F¥Á¶¡ªº¤@­Ó­«­nªº­·«U¥Á±¡¡C³\¦h©v±ÐµL¤£´£­Ò¤H­Ì­n¥¬¬I¡A¤H¥Á¤]»{¬°³o¬O¯à°÷µ¹¥L­Ì±a¨ÓºÖ³ø¡A¨Ó¥Í¥Í©ó¤Ñ¤W¡A¬Æ¦Ü¯à®ø°£©Ò§@ªº¸o·~¡C[17]¤×¨ä¬O¦b±Cùªù±Ð¤¤¡A³z¹L¬YºØ©v±Ðªº»ö¦¡¨Ó¦æ¥¬¬I¨Ñ¾i±Cùªù¡]Brahman¡^©Î¤Ñ¯«¡]Deva¡^¬O¯à±o¨ì«Ü¤jªººÖ¼w¡C¦ò±Ð¿³°_«á¡A³o¤@ºØÆ[©À¤´µM«ùÄò¤£ÅÜ¡A¦b¦ò±Ðªº¸g½×¤¤¤]¬OÀWÀWªº¥X²{»P¥¬¬I¦³Ãöªº¬G¨Æ¡A¦pÄÀ­{¦òªº¥»¥Í¬G¨Æµ¥¡A¤£¤Ö³£¬O»P¥¬¬I¦³©ÒÁpô¡C¦]¦¹¡A°j¦V»P¥¬¬I¤]ºc¦¨¤FÄY±KªºÃö«Y¡A¦p¡m¤¤ªü§t¸g¡n»¡¡G¤@¦ì©ë®Pù°ê¤ýªº¨à¤l¦W¥sªø¥Íµ£¤l¡A¥¿·í¨ä¤÷¤ý­±Á{¼Ä°ê«Â¯Ùªº®É­Ô¡A¥LÄU¾Éªiù©`«°¤¤½Ñ¶Q»¨±Ú­Ì¤@°_¥¬¬I­×ºÖ¡A¡u¥H¦¹¬IºÖÄ@©ë®Pù°ê¤ýªø¹Ø¡A¥O¦wÁô±o¸Ñ²æ¡v¡]¤j¥¿1¡A534a23~25¡^¡C¤S¦p¡m«n¶Ç¼W¤ä³¡¡n¤¤»¡¡GÏi¨Fªù¤j¤ý¡]Vessavana maharaja¡^½ÐÃøªû¥ÀÀu±C¦i¡A±N»w¸g¤Î¨Ñ¹¬ªº¥\¼w°j¦Vµ¹¥L¡A¦p©¼¨¥¡G

 

¡K¡u¡]Ãøªû¥À¡G¡^µ½«v½å¤Í¡I¨Ì§Ú©Ò»w¤§ªkªù¡A¬O¬°°e­ë¤§Â§ª«¡C¡v¡u¡]¤ý¡G¡^µ½«v©n©f¡I¦¹¤Dµ¹§Ú¤§Â§ª«¡C©ú¤é¥HªÙ§Q¥±¡B¥ØÞ¥³s¬°¤W­º¤§¤ñ¥C¹¬¦÷¡A¥¼­¹´Â­¹¦Ó±N¨ÓÏi§V«Ø¹F¦÷§ø¡A¨Ñ¾i¨ä¤ñ¥C¹¬¦÷¤w¡A§YºÙ¬°§Ú¤§¥¬¬I¡A¦Ó¦¹¤D¬°µ¹§Ú¤§Â§ª«¡]maman dakkhinam adisyyasi¡^¡C¡v¡]º~Ķ«n¶Ç¡A¼W¤ä³¡¸g¨å¥|¡A²Ä22¥U¡Ap.26¡×Avguttara iv, p.63~67¡^

 

¤S¦b¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¨÷37¡]Angutara ¢½, p.269; º~Ķ«n¶Ç¡A²Ä25¥U¡Ap.193¡^¤¤¡A¤]´£¨ì¤@¦ì¦W¬°¥Í»Dªº±Cùªù½Ð±Ð¥@´L»¡¡G

 

£¾è¡A§Ú¦³¿Ë±Ú·¥©Ò·R©À¡A©¿µM©R²×¡A§Ú¬°©¼¬G«H¤ß¥¬¬I¡A¤ª¦ó¥@´L¡A©¼±o¨ü¤£¡H¡]¤j¥¿2¡A272b12~18¡^

 

³o¬O¬°¤w¬Gªº¿ËÄÝ¥¬¬I¡A©¼¬O§_¯à±o¨ì§Q¯q¤§°ÝÃD¡C¦p¦¹¥H¥¬¬I¥\¼w°j¦V»P¤`ªÌ¤§¨Æ¡A¦b«n¶Ç¡m¾j°­¨Æ¡n¤¤¡A¦h³B¥i¨£¡C¨Ò¦p¡mÆ{±C§Q«~¡n¤¤ªº¡mªÙ§Q¥±¥À°­¨Æ¡n:

 

§Ú¤l(ªÙ§Q¥±)!¬°§Ú¦Ó¥¬¬I¡A¥¬¬I°j¬I§Ú; ¦p¬O¦Ó¬°ªÌ¡A¸Ñ²æ­¹Áw¦å¡C·O´dªÙ§Q¥±¡A»D¥À¤§©Ò¨¥¡A¥H»y¥ØÞ¥³s¡A¥Bªü¨º«ß¡A¤S§i§T»«¨º¡C¦@§@¥|¤p«Î¡A¬I±Ë¥|¤è¹¬¡A¤p«Î»P¶¼­¹¡A¬°¥ÀÄm¥¬¬I¡C«b¨º²{ÄmªG¡A¶¼­¹¤Î¦çªA¡A«h¬°¥¬¬IªG¡C¦çªA»P¶¼­¹¡A¦¹¬O¥¬¬IªG; ©¼¤kµÛ¬üªA¡A¤W¦ç­{¤r¸h¡A½Ñ¦â¤§¦çªA¡A¦ÓªñªÙ§Q¥±¡C¡]Petavatthu p.14¡Fº~Ķ«n¶Ç¡A¤p³¡¸g¨å¤T¡A²Ä28¥U¡Ap.14¡^

 

¡m¾j°­¨Æ¡n¬O«n¶Ç¡m¤p³¡¡nªº²Ä¤C³¡¡A¨ä¤¤¤º®e»P¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¡A¥ØÞ¥³s´LªÌ¹J°­¤§¨ÆÅãµM¬O¦³Ãö«Y¡C[18]¦b¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³½Í¨ì¦p¡m¾j°­¨Æ¡n¤¤¨º¼Ë¡A¥H¥¬¬I¹¬²³ªº¥\¼w¥i¥H¼Wªø¾j°­ªººÖ³ø¡A¥u¬O»¡©ú¤F¥L­Ìªº·~ªG¦]½t¡A¨ÃÄU¾É¥L­Ì§ï¹L¦Vµ½¡C¤Ï¤§¡A¦b¡m¥»½t³¡¡nªº¡m¼¶¶°¦Ê½t¸g¡n¨÷5¡q¥Ø³s¤J«°¨£¤­¦Ê¾j°­½t¡r¡]¤j¥¿4¡A224a~225b¡^¤¤¡A¤~¦³½Í¨ì¦p¾j°­¨D§U©ó¥Ø³s´LªÌ¡AÄ@´LªÌ±q©¼¿Ë¨½¨D¯Á°]ª«¡A¥Î³]Àa¿¯½Ð¦ò¤Î¹¬¡A¥O¥L­Ì¯à°÷²æÂ÷¾j°­¤§¨­ªº¨Ò¤l¡C¥Ñ³o¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¦P¼Ëªº¨Æ±¡¡A«o¦³¤£ºÉ¬Û¦Pªº¤º®e¡A§Y«áªÌ¤w¦³¥]§t¤F°j¦Vªº«ä·Q¡A´N©M¡m¾j°­¨Æ¡n¤@¼Ë¡C¨ì©³°j¦Vªº«ä·Q¬O§_´N¬OÄÝ©ó«á´Á¤~¦³¡A¨ä¹ê¤]¤£ºÉµM¡A¦p«e©Ò¤Þ¡A¥iª¾¥\¼w°j¦V»P¥L¤H¦­¦bªü§t¤¤¤w¸g¦s¦b¡A¥u¤£¹Lªü§t¤ñ¸û°¾­«©ó­Ó¤Hªº­×«ù¡A©Ò¥H¦b¹J¨ì°­®É¤]¬O¬°¥L­Ì»¡ªk¡A¥O¥L­Ì¥Í°_ºF·\¡AÄb®¬ªº¤ß¡A±q¦Ó¤~¯à»Ù°£ºÖ¼W¡CÃö©ó¥\¼w°j¦V»P¥Lªº¨Ò¤lÁö¤]¦³½Í¤Î¡A¬Û¹ï¤§¤U¦ü¥G¬O¤Ö¤§¤S¤Ö¡C¤£¹L¡A¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì¦ü¥G¥i½T©w¥\¼w°j¦V¥L¤H¤§°j¦V¸q¡A¦b¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¦­¤w¦s¦b¡A«áÀY¤j­¼­«¦b°j¦V¥L¤H¤§°j¦V¸q¡AÀ³¬O¨ä¨Ó¦³¦Û¡C

¡@¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^³¡¬£¦ò±Ð®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¢°¡D Ä~©Óªü§t¤§»¡ªk

­ì©l¦ò±Ðªº®É¥N¡A¬O¥H¦ò©Ò»¡¬°§Ì¤l­Ì­×¦æªº·Ç÷¡C¦ò¤J·À¥H«á¡A«h¥Ñ§Ì¤l­Ì±N©Ò»Dªº±Ð»¡µ²¶°¦¨¸g¡]sutra¡^¡Aª½¨ì³¡¬£¦ò±Ð¡A¤S±N©Òµ²¶°¤U¨Óªº¸g¨å§@§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº½×¨s»P¾ã²z¡A¨ä¤¤³ÌÃe¤jªº½×µÛ¥i»¡¬O»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡ªºªüÏi¹F¿i½×¡C¤j­P¤W¡AªüÏi¹F¿i½×ªº°j¦V¥i»¡¬OÄ~©Ó¡mªü§t¸g¡nªº»¡ªk¡A¦p¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n¤¤ÀH³B¬Ò¥i¨£¨ì¹³¥H¤Uªº»y¥y¡G

 

1. ¿×±q¥¬¬I¡C¤D¦Ü¤C³Bµ½¡C¬Ò¥H°j¦V¸Ñ²æ¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A30c28¡^

2. ½Ñ¤¯ªÌ©Àµ¥Ä±¤ä¬O§Ú¥@´L¦Ûı¦Û»¡¨Ì¹½Â÷·À°j¦V©ó±Ë¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A154a17¡^

 

³o¼Ëªº²z©À¤£¦ý¦b¦³³¡½×¤¤±o¨£¡A¦Ó¥BÁ٤ޥΤF¡u°j¦V¡v¤§µü¡A¦P®É½×¤¤§óÂX¥R¨ä¤¤ªº¤º®e¡A±j½Õ°j¦Vªº­«­n©Ê¡A¦p¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n³o¼Ë´£¨ì¡G

 

Äá¨ü¥¿©À¦Ó¤£°j¦V¸Ñ²æ¡C¿×¨D¥Í¤Ñ±ý¼Öµ¥¬G¨ü«ù¸T§Ù¡C¥@´L»¡©¼©Ò¨ü«ß»ö¡AÁö¬O³Ó·~¦Ó¤£Àò¤jªG¡C­Y¦³®Ú¥»·~¹D²bªñ¤À¥ç²b¡A«D´c´M«ä¤§©Ò·l®`¡CÄá¨ü¥¿©À°j¦V¸Ñ²æ¡C¥@´L»¡©¼©Ò¨ü«ß»ö¡A¬O®í³Ó·~¯àÀò¤jªG¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A648b7~11¡^

 

©Ò¥H¡AµL½×¬O¦æ«ù¥ô¦óªºµ½ªk¡A¬Æ¦Ü¯à«ù¨ü«Ü¦hªº§Ù«ß¡Aªí­±¤W¨­¡B¤f¡B·N«D±`²M²b¡A­Y¤£°j¦V©ó¸Ñ²æ¡A¤@¤ß¥u¨D¥Í¤Ñ¡A«h¤£±o¯Iºn¤jªG¡F¤Ï¤§¡A­Y¬O¤p¤pªºµ½·~¡A¤D¦Ü®Ú¥»©Î¤Ö¤À§Ù¡A­Y¬O³£¯à°j¦V©ó¸Ñ²æªº¸Ü¡A±N¨Ó¥²·|¥XÂ÷¥Í¦º½ü°j¡AÃÒ±o¯Iºn¡C¥Ñ¦¹§ó¥[ÃÒ©ú¦ò±Ð©Ò¿×°j¦V¤§¥»¨Óºë¯«¡C

¡@¡@¦³Ãö¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤©Ò»¡ªº¥Í»D±Cùªù½Ð±Ð¥@´L¥¬¬I°j¦V¤w¬G¿Ë¤H¤§°ÝÃD¡A¦³³¡¤]¦³°O¸ü¡A¦P®ÉÁÙ§@¤F§ó¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡C¦b¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n¨÷12¤¤´N»¡¹D¡]¸Ô²Ó¤º®e©ó¡u°j¦V¤§¥i¦æ©Ê¡v¤@³¹»¡©ú¡A¬G¦¹³B²¤¤Þ¡^¡G

 

¡K¹E¶°¿Ë¨½¡A½Ð½Ñ¨Fªù±Cùªùµ¥¡A³]¤j¬I·|¡AÄ@¦¹¸ê©¼±Ë­W¨ü¼Ö¡Cº¸®É¾j°­©ó¦Û¦í³B¡A¨£¦p¬O¨Æ¡A©ó¦Û¿Ë¨½¥Í²²ÄÝ·Q¡A©ó¨ä°]ª«¥Í¤v¦³·Q¡A§Y®ÉÅw³ß¡F©óºÖ¥Ð©Ò¡A¥Í«H·q¤ß¡F©ó¨ä©Ò§@°_ÀH³ß¤ß¡A«KÂ÷­«­W¡A¥Ñ¦¹¦]½t²½ªÁ«h¨ì¡C¡K¡]±C¨F¤j¥¿27¡A¨÷12¡A61a¡^

 

¦­´Á¦b¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¶È´£¨Ñ¤F·L¤pªº°T®§¡A¥HÃÒ©ú¥¬¬I¥\¼w°j¦V©ó¾j°­½ìªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A²{¦b¦³³¡§@¤F§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¸Ñ»¡»P¤ÀªR¡A¨Ã¤]Á|¥X·í®É¨ä¥L½×®vªº·N¨£¡C¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡A°j¦V»P²³¥Íªº½×ÃD¤£¦ý¬O¦b­ì©l¦ò±Ð§Y¤w¦s¦b¡A¦P®É¦b³¡¬£®É´Á¤¤¤]¬O¨ü¨ì½Ñ½×®v­ÌªºÃö¤Á¡A¶i¦Ó¦¨¬°°Q½×ªº¹ï¶H¤§¤@¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¦b¡m®Ú¥»»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡Ïi©`­C¡n¨÷22¤¤¡A¤]´£¨ì¥H»w¸gºÖ¼w°j¦V©ó½Ñ¤ÑÀs¯«¡A¥H¨D´©§U¡A¦p¨ä¨¥¡G

 

ªk»P¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¡^³ø¤ê¡G¡u½åªÌ¡A¤¯µ¥¦ý¥h¦Ü©¼Ãä«°¥²·í±o³Ó¡AµM¨C©ó±J³B»w¤T±Ò¸g¡A¬J©ó¨ä©]³q®d»w¸g¡AºÙ¤Ñµ¥¦W¦Ó¬°©GÄ@¡AÄ@¥H¦¹ºÖ¸ê¤Î±ë¤Ñ¡A¦¹¥@¥D«ÒÄÀ¤Ñ¤ý¡A¦}¥|Å@¥@¤Î¤Q¤KºØ¤jÃĤe¤ý¡A¯ë¤ä­{ÃĤe¤j±N¡A°õ§ú¯«¤ý©Ò¦³²²ÄÝ¡AÃøªû¯QªiÃøªû¤jÀs¤ýµ¥¡C¡v¡]¤j¥¿23¡A753c17~23¡^

 

¡@¡@ÁöµM¤å¤¤¨S¦³¥¿¦¡¤Þ¥Î¡u°j¦V¡v³o¼Ëªº»yµü¡A¥i¬O±q¤º®e¤¤©Ò»¡¡GÄ@¥H»w¸gªººÖ¼w¸ê§U½Ñ¤Ñ¯«¡A¬ß±æ¥L­Ì¯à°÷³Q½®²³¥Í¡C³oÃþ¦ü«n¶Çªº¡m³½¸s¥»¥ÍÃÓ¡n¡AµÐÂıN¥¬¬I³½¸sªººÖ¼w¨Ñ¾iªe¯«¤§«á¡A«K»X¨ä®¦¿A¡C¤S¦p«n¶Ç¡mªøªü§t¸g¡n©Ò»¡¡G¨Ñ¾i©ó½Ñ¤Ñ¡A«K¯à¨ü´fÅU¡C

 

¢±¡D ¦³³¡¤§µÐÂÄ«ä·Q¤¤ªº°j¦V

¦b³¡¬£®É´Á¡A¤j­¼ªº«ä·Q¤w¦bÄ­ÆC¤¤¡A¯S§O¬O¤j²³³¡¡B¤À§O»¡³¡¤Î»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡ªºÄ´³ë¸g®v­Ì¹ïµÐÂĪº«ä·Qµ¹¤©µo´­¥ú¤j¡CµÐÂĤj´dªººë¯«¡A¤]Åý­ì¦³¥u¬°¸Ñ²æ¡A¥D±i¡u¤Ö¨Æ¤Ö·~¤Ö§Æ±æ¦í¡vªº¹¬¤H³QºÙ¬°¬O¤p­¼¦æªÌ¡C³o¨Ç¤p­¼ªº¦æªÌ¤]³Q»{¬°¬O¤£¨s³ºªº¡A¤ñ°_¦òªûªº´¼¼z¡AÁÙ¬O¦³©Ò®t¶Zªº¡C©Ò¥H¬°¨Dªü¿®¦hù¤TÂƤTµÐ´£¡A¦æ¤»«×¥|Ä᪺µÐÂĬO¤ñ¹½Â÷¥@¶¡¡B³t¨D¯Iºnªº¤p­¼¦æªÌ¨Ó±o®í³Ó¤F¡C³oºØ«ä·Qªº¶VÁ͵o¹F¡A¤]¾É­P¦³³¡¤£±o¤£±Ä¨ú­«µøªº²´¥ú¨Ó¹ï«Ý¥¦¤F¡A©Ò¥H¦bªüÏi¹F¿i½×¤¤¤]º¥º¥¦³¤FµÐÂĪº¦â±m¡C¦³¤FµÐÂĪº«ä·Q¦s¦b¡A·íµM©Ò½Íªº°j¦Vªº¤º²[¤]´N¤£¦P©ó¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤±M½Í¦Û¤Fªº¸Ñ²æ¯Iºn¤F¡A¦]¦¹¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n»¡¡G

 

1. µÐÂĹL¥h¤TµL¼Æ§T©Ò­×ºØºØ®í³Óµ½¦æ¡A¬Ò¬°°j¦VµL¤WµÐ´£¡B§Q¯q¦w¼Ö½Ñ¦³±¡¬G¡C¥Ñ´µ¦æÄ@©ó³Ì«á¨­©~½Ñ¦³±¡³Ì´L³Ó¦ì¡A²³¥Í¹JªÌµL¤£»X¯q¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A¨÷70¡A362c6~10¡^

2. °Ý¡GµÐÂijy§@¼Wªø¬Û²§¼ô¤w¡A¥¼¦Ü³Ì«á¨­¨Ó¡A©ó½Ñ¦³±¡²§¬Û¥iª¾¤£¡Hµª¡G¦³¡A¿×¥Í¶Q±Ú§Î»ªºÝÄY¨ã¤V¤Ò¨­½Ñ®Ú¶êº¡¡A±o±J©R©À²`«H¦]ªG¡A¼Ö¦h»D´L­«¥¿ªk¡A´¼¨£²r§Q¦³³ÓÅG¤~¡A§Ó©Ê½Õ¬X¨¥­µ©M¶®¡A©Ò§@¨M©w²×µL°h©}¡A¨£¥L¨ü­W±¡«ø¤£³ô§Ô¡A­n·í©ÞÀÙ¡A©Ò­×µL¤£°j¦VµÐ´£¡A¤Î»P¦³±¡§@Äǯq¨Æ¡A¦Ó¤£¨D³ø¡A¦¹µ¥¦W¬°µÐÂĬۡC¡]¤j¥¿27¡A¨÷177¡A889b~c¡^

 

¦³³¡ªºµÐÂĹD¬O­n¸g¹L¤T¤jªü¹¬¬é§T­×¥|ªiù»e¡A¦Ê§T­×¤T¤Q¤G¬Û¦n¡A³Ì«á¤~¤U¥Í¤H¶¡¦¨¦ò¡C¦b³o­×¾Çªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A©Ò­×ªºµ½¦æ³£°j¦V©óµÐ´£»P²³¥Í¡C³oµL¤£³£¬O¦b®i²{µÐÂĪºµÐ´£Ä@»P¤j´d¤ß¡A¦P®É¤]¬O§O©ó¤p­¼ªº©Ò¦b³B¡C¤å¤¤ÅãµM¤w¸g»¡©ú°j¦Vªº¨B¥ï¤w´Â©¹µÐ´£»P²³¥Íªº¤è¦Vµo®i¡C´N³s¦³³¡ªº«ß¨å¤¤¡A­ì¥»»w§Ùªº¥\¼w¬OµÛ­«¦b¯à±oµL¬°¯Iºn¤W¡A¦p»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡ªºÂ«ߡX¡m¤Q»w¤ñ¥Cªiù´£¤ì¤e§Ù¥»¡n»¡¡G¡uºF·\±o¨ã¨¬¡A¯à±oµL¬°¹D¡A¤w»¡§Ù¸g³º¡A¹¬¤@¤ß¥¬ÂÄ¡v¡]¤j¥¿23¡A479a¡^¡A¨ì«á¨Óªº¡m®Ú¥»»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡§Ù¸g¡n¤¤¤]»¡¡G¡u§Ú¤w»¡§Ù¸g¡A²³¹¬ªø²b¡]¥¬ÂÄ¡^³º¡AºÖ§Q½Ñ¦³±¡¡A¬Ò¦@¦¨¦ò¹D¡v¡]¤j¥¿24¡A479a¡^¡C

 

¢²¡D ºÖ»P¹ØÂàÅܤ§°j¦V

¦¹¥~¡A¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n¤¤¤]¦³´£¨ì±N¹Ø©RÂনºÖ³ø¡AºÖ³øÂন¹Ø©Rªº¨Ò¤l¡A¦p»¡¡G

 

1. ¤ª¦óÐl¯ì¯d¦h¹Ø¦æ¡Hµª¡G¿×ªüùº~¦¨´N¯«³q±o¤ß¦Û¦b¡A­Y©ó¹¬²³­Y§O¤H©Ò¡A¥H¦ç¥H²Ú©Î¥HÀH¤@¨Fªù©R½t²³¨ã¥¬¬I¡A¬I¤wµoÄ@§Y¤JÃä»Ú²Ä¥|ÀR¼{¡A±q©w°_¤w¡A¤ß¤f©À¨¥¡G¡u½Ñ§Ú¯à·P´I²§¼ô·~¡AÄ@¦¹Âà©Û¹Ø²§¼ôªG¡C¡v®É©¼¯à©Û´I²§¼ô·~¡A«hÂà¯à©Û¹Ø²§¼ôªG¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A656a18~23¡^

2. ¤ª¦óÐl¯ì±Ë¦h¹Ø¦æ¡Hµª¡G¿×ªüùº~¦¨´N¯«³q±o¤ß¦Û¦b¡A¦p«e¥¬¬I¡A¬I¤wµoÄ@§Y¤JÃä»Ú²Ä¥|ÀR¼{¡A±q©w°_¤w¤ß©À¤f¨¥¡G¡u½Ñ§Ú¯à·P¹Ø²§¼ô·~¡AÄ@¦¹Âà©Û´I²§¼ôªG¡v¡A®É©¼¯à©Û¹Ø²§¼ô·~¡A«hÂà¯à©Û´I²§¼ôªG¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A656c7~15¡^

 

³o¬O»¡©ú¡A±o¤F¯«³qªºªüùº~¬O¯à¥H©w¤O±N©Ò¥¬¬IªººÖ¼wÂର¹Ø©R¡A§í©Î±N­ì¦³ªº¹Ø©RÁYµuÂàÅܦ¨ºÖ³ø¡CÃö©ó¦¹¡A¦b¡mµo´¼½×¡n¤Î¡m­ÑªÙ½×¡n¤¤¤]¦³´£¨ì¡C¨ä¤¤¦³»{¬°¥@´Lªº¹Ø©R¥»¥i¥H§óªøªº¡A¦ý¬°¤FÃÒ©ú¦Û¤v¯à­°¥ñ¦ºÅ]»PÄ­Å]¡A©Î¬O¬°¤F¥Ü²{¦Û¤v¤£³gªø¹Ø¡]¦]¤@¯ë¤H³£Ä@ªø¹Ø¡^µ¥µ¥¡A³o°ÝÃD¬O³¡¬£·í®É©Òij½×¯É¯Æ¡C¤£¹L¡A³o¨Ç¦æ¬°ªº¥Øªº¤~¬OÀ³³Q­«µøªº¡Cbed¼W¹Ø¥Øªº¬O¬°¤F§Q¥L»P¥¿ªk¤[¦í¡A¦Ó±Ë¹Ø«h¦]¬°¬O§Q¥Lªº¦]½t¤£¦h¡A©Î¬°¯f­W¤ÎºØºØ¨aÃø©Ò¹G¡A´N¦p¡m­ÑªÙ½×¡n¨¥¡G

 

©¼ªüùº~¦³¦ó¦]½t¯d¦h¹Ø¦æ¡H¿×¬°§Q¯q¦w¼Ö¥L¬G¡A©Î¬°¸t±Ð¤[¦í¥@¬G¡AÆ[ª¾¦Û¨­¹Ø¦æ±NºÉ¡AÆ[¥LµL¦¹¤GºØ³ô¯à¡C´_¦ó¦]½t±Ë¦h¹Ø¦æ¡H©¼ªüùº~¦ÛÆ[¦í¥@©ó¥L§Q¯q¦w¼Ö¨Æ¤Ö¡A©Î¬°¯fµ¥­W¹G¦Û¨­¡C¡]¤j¥¿29¡A15c2~5¡^

 

µL½×¬O¦ò©Îªüùº~¡A§@¦p¦¹ªºÂàÅÜ¡A¤]´N¬O°j¦¹ºÖ³ø¦V©¼¹Ø©R¡]©Î¬Û¤Ï¡^¡CµM¡A³o¬O­n±o¯«³qªºªüùº~¤Î¦ò¤~¯à°µ±o¨ìªº¡A¹ï¤@¯ë¥¼ÃÒ®©ªº¤H©Î¨S¦³¯«³qªº¼z¸Ñ²æªüùº~¦Ó¨¥¬OµLªk¿ì¨ìªº¡C

¡@¡@±q¦¹ºÖ¹Ø¤¬Â઺¨ÒÃÒ¥i¬Ý¥X¡A­Y¦³¨¬°÷ªº§U½t¡A¥»¬OºÖ³ø©Î¹Ø³ø¤§·~³ø¡A¥ç¥iÀH¤§Åܲ{¥X¤£¦Pªº½t°_¬Û¡A¦Ó¬°¤§§ó©ö¡C

 

¡@¡@¡@¡]¤T¡^ªì´Á¤j­¼®É´Á¤§°j¦V¸q

¢°¡D»PµÐ´£Ä@¡B¤j´d¤ß¡BµL©Ò±o¬ÛÀ³

¤é¥»¾ÇªÌÀR¨¦¥¿¶¯©ÒµÛªº¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§¦¨¥ß¹Lµ{¡n¡A±N¤j­¼¤À¬°¡u­ì©l¤j­¼¡v»P¡uªì´Á¤j­¼¡v¡F¨Ã¹º¤À¡q¤p«~¯ë­Y¡r¤§«eªº¬°¡u­ì©l¤j­¼¡v¡A¨ä«áªÌ¬°¡uªì´Á¤j­¼¡v¡C¦b¡u­ì©l¤j­¼¡v½Ñ¸g¤¤¡A½Í¤Î°j¦Vªº¦³¡mªüÓK¦ò°ê¸g¡n¡qµo·N¨ü¼z«~¡r¤Î¡mªÙ§Q¥±®¬¹L¸g¡n¡A¨ä¨¥¡G

 

1. §Ú±q¤µ¥H©¹¡AµoµL¤W¯u¥¿¹D·N¡A¥H·NÄU§U¦Ó¤£Â÷¤§¡A¥ÎÄ@µL¤W¯u¥¿¹D¤]¡C¡]¤j¥¿11¡A752a6~8¡^

2. ¤µ²{¦bµÐÂĦ椻ªiù»eªÌ¡A¬Yµ¥ÄU¼Ö§U¨äÅw³ß¡A¬Yµ¥½Ñ©Ò±oºÖ¡A¬Ò¥¬¬I¤Ñ¤U¤Q¤è¤H¥Á¤÷¥Àß뭸į°Ê¤§Ãþ¡B¨â¨¬¤§Ãþ¡B¥|¨¬¤§Ãþ¡B¦h¨¬¤§Ãþ¡A¬Ò¥O±o¦òºÖ¡A±o¹@¤ä¤H¡C¡]¤j¥¿24¡A1090c28~1091a1¡^

 

ôÄÝ¡q¤p«~¯ë­Y¡rªº¸g¨å¤]¦p¦¹»¡¹D¡G

 

1. ³£­p¤§¦X¤§ÄU§U¬°´LºØºØ¼w¤¤¬°·¥¬O¤W¡A¨äÄU§UªÌ¬O¬°ÄU§U¡AÄU§U¤w«ù§@ªü¿®¦hù¤T­C¤TµÐ¡C¡]¡m¹D¦æ¯ë­Y¡n¡qâxÝü©ëªÙùÄU§U«~²Ä¥|¡r¤j¥¿8¡A438a27¡^

2. ¸g¤¤©Ò¾Ç½Ñ¥\¼w³£­p¦X¿n¤§¡A¥NÅw³ß¼wºÖ´LµL»\¡A¥H´µ³ß¦æ¥Î¨DµL¤W¥¿¯u¹D¡A¤ß©À¨¥¡G«ù¬O¬I»P§Ú§@µL¤W¥¿¯u¹D¡C¡]¡m¤j©ú«×¸g¡n¡qÅÜ¿Ñ©ú¼z«~²Ä¤­¡r¤j¥¿8¡A486a28~b2¡^

3. ÄU§U¥H«ù§@ªü¿®¦hù¤T­C¤TµÐ´£¡C¡]¡m¼¯¶F¯ë­Y¶r¸g¡n¡qµ½Åv«~¡r¤j¥¿8¡A520a7~8¡^

³o¨Ç¸g¨å¥u¤Þ¡u¥ÎÄ@¡v¡B¡u¥¬¬I¡v¡B¡u«ù§@¡v¤Î¡u¥Î¨D¡v¡A¯u¥¿±Ä¥Î¡u°j¦V¡vªº¸g¨å¦³¦p¡m¼¯¶F¯ë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¡B¡m¤j¯ë­Yªiù»e¦h¸g¡n¡B¡m¦ò¥À¥X¥Í¤TªkÂïë­Yªiù»e¦h¸g¡n¡B¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡q¤£°Ê¦p¨Ó·|¡r¡]¡mªüÓK¦ò°ê¸g¡nªº²§Ä¶¡^¡B¡mºû¼¯¸g¡n¡B¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¡B¡mµØÄY¸g¡n¡q¤Q°j¦V«~¡rµ¥¡C¨ä¤¤´N·|»¡¹³¡G¡uÀH³ßºÖ¼w»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¦@¤§¡A°j¦Vªü¿®¦hù¤TÂƤTµÐ´£¡v¡]¡m¼¯¶F¯ë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¡A¤j¥¿8¡A297b2~4¡^ªº¸Ü»y¡CÁöµM¨âªÌ©Ò¥ÎªºÄ¶»y¤£¦P¡A¥i¬O¨ä¤¤ªº§t¸q¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C

¤j­¼¬O­«©ó´d¤ßªº¡A¥Ñ´d¤ß¦ÓµoÄ@¤W¨DµL¤WµÐ´£¡A»P¥u¡u¬°¦Û½Õ¬°¦Û²b¬°¦Û«×¡v¡]¡m¼¯¶F¯ë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¡A¤j¥¿8¡A297b29~c5¡^ªº¤G­¼Án»D¤£¦P¡C¡m´¼½×¡n¸ÑÄÀÁn»Dªº¦Û½Õ¬°¥¿»y¡B¥¿·~¡B¥¿©R¡F¦Û²b¬°¥¿©À¡B¥¿©w¡F¦Û«×¬°¥¿¨£¡B¥¿«ä±©¡B¥¿¤è«K¡C¤S¥¬¬I¦]½t¬G¦Û½Õ¡A«ù§Ù¦]½t¬G¦Û²b¡A­×©w¦]½t¬G¦Û«×¡C¦Ó­×©w¬OµLº|ªkªºªñ¦]½t¡AµLº|ªk§Y©Ò¿×¤T¤Q¤C¹D«~¡B¤T¸Ñ²æªùµ¥¡C¡]¤j¥¿25¡A488a¡^µÛ­«¥XÂ÷ªº¤G­¼¡A¨ä­×¦æ¦h¼Æ°¾©ó¦Û«×¡A¹ï©ó«×¤Æªº¥\§@¤ñ¸û¤£¿n·¥¡A§Y¦³°µ¤]¬O°ò©ó¦Û§Ú·Ð´oªº½Õ¥ñ¡A¦p¥¬¬I¬°¤FÂ_ádzg¡C¬Û¤Ïªº¡AµÐÂĬ°¤F«×¤Æ²³¥Í¬Æ¦Ü¥i¥H§Ô¦Ó¤£ÃÒ¯Iºn¡C¦]¦¹¡AµÐÂÄ©¹©¹¥H¤£§Ô²³¥Í­Wªº¤ß±¡¡A°j¦VµL¤WµÐ´£¡A¥ØªºµL«D¬O¡u¬°½Õ¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¬°²b¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¬°«×¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡v¡C©Ò¥H¡AµÐÂĦb§¹¦¨¯ë­Y¹Dªº­×¦æ«á¡A«K¶}©l¡u²øÄY²b¤g¡A¦¨¼ô²³¥Í¡vªº¨Æ·~¡A¥H«K±Ð¤Æ¥L­Ì¡A¥O¥L­Ì¦æ½Ñµ½ªk¤D¦Ü¦¨¦ò¡C

µÐÂĤ£¦ý¬O­n°j¦VµÐ´£»P²³¥Í¡A¦P®É©Ò§@ªº°j¦V¤]¶·»PªÅ¬ÛÀ³¡AÁ|¨Ò¡m¼¯¶F¯ë­Yªiù»e¸g¡n¡AÀ±°ÇµÐÂħi¶D¶·µÐ´£¡G¡u¬Oµ½¨k¤l¦æµÐÂÄ­¼°j¦Vªü¿®¦hù¤TÂƤTµÐ´£¤ß¬O½t¨Æ¡A­Yµ½¨k¤l¨ú¬Û¤£±o¦p©Ò©À¡v(¤j¥¿8¡A297c4~6)¡C¬°¦ó»¡¤£¯à¨ú¬Û©O¡H¦]¬°¤@¤Á¬Û¬ÒµL¦Û©Ê¡A¦p¸g¨¥¡G

 

¬O®É­YµÐÂĦp¬Oª¾¬O½ÑªkºÉ·À¡A©Ò°j¦V³B¤Îªk¥ç¦Û©ÊªÅ¡A¯à¦p¬O°j¦V¡A¬O¦W¯u°j¦Vªü¿®¦hù¤TÂƤTµÐ´£¡C´_¦¸¡A­YµÐÂĦp¬Oª¾µL¦³ªk¯à°j¦Vªk¡A¦ó¥H¬G¡H¤@¤Áªk¦Û©ÊªÅ¬G¡A­Y¦p¬O°j¦V¡A¬O¦W¥¿°j¦Vªü¿®¦hù¤TÂƤTµÐ´£¡C¦p¬OµÐÂļ¯¶FÂĦæ¯ë­Yªiù»e¤D¦ÜÀȨºªiù»e¡A¤£¼Z·QÄA­Ë¡B¤ßÄA­Ë¡B¨£ÄA­Ë¡C¦ó¥H¬G¡HµÐÂĤ£µÛ¬O°j¦V¡A¥ç¤£¨£¥H½Ñµ½®Ú°j¦VµÐ´£¤ß³B¡A¬O¦WµÐÂļ¯¶FÂĵL¤W°j¦V¡C¡]¤j¥¿8¡A299a8~17¡^

 

¤j­¼ªkªù¦b©óµÐ´£Ä@¡B¤j´d¤ß¤ÎµL©Ò±o¡A¤×¨ä¬OµL©Ò±o¡A¥i»¡¬O¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡nªº¤¤¤ß«ä·Q¡C¥¦³e¬ï¤FµÐÂÄ©Ò¦³ªº­×¦æªkªù¡A¤@¦A±j½ÕªÅªº²z½×¡C³o¨Ç²z½×»¡©ú¤F§ÚªÅ»PªkªÅ¡A¥ÑµL¦Û©Ê¦ÓÅã¥Ü½Ñªkªº¹ê¬Û¡CµÐÂĦb­×¾Çªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥²¶·©ê«ù³oºØ²z©À¡A¤F¸Ñ½Ñªkªº¹ê¬Û¡A¦p¦¹¤~¯à¨ì¹F¨s³º¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡AµÐÂĦb°j¦V®É¡AÀ³¦p¹êÆ[¹î½Ñªkªº¯u¹ê¬Û»ª¡A¤Fª¾¨S¦³¯à°j¦Vªº¤H¡A©Ò°j¦Vªº¹ï¶H¤ÎºÖ¼w¡C±q¥¦ªº¥»½è¤¤±´¯Á¡A¨S¦³¦Û©Êªº¦s¦b¡A¦p¦¹¤~¤£·|¼Z¤J±`¡BÂ_µ¥¨¸¨£¤¤¡A¦]¦¹µÐÂĤ£µÛ¬O°j¦V¡A¤£¨ú¬Û¡A¤~¬OµL¤Wªº°j¦V¡A¤]¬O¯u¯à¹ê²{¨ì¹FµÐ´£ªº°j¦V¡C

 

¢±¡D ²b¤gªkªù¤¤©Ò½Íªº°j¦V

²b¤gªkªù¬O¤j­¼¦òªkªº¥t¤@¯S¦â¡A·í®É²b¤gÃþ§O¦³´XºØ¡A©Ò½Íªº°j¦V¤è¦¡¤]¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¦p¤UÁ|¨Ò»¡©ú¡G

1¡B ªüÓK¦ò²b¤g

¦b¥jĶªº¡mªüÓK¦ò°ê¸g¡n¤¤¡A¥u½Í¨ì°j¦VµÐ´£¤è­±¡A¦Ó¦b¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡q¤£°Ê¦p¨Ó·|¡r[19]¤§¡q©¹¥Í¦]½t«~²Ä¤»¡r¤¤§ó§@¬O»¡¡G

 

µÐÂļ¯¶FÂĦæÀȪiù»e®É¡A¥H¦¹¬ÛÀ³µ½®Ú¡A°j¦VµL¤WµÐ´£¡AÄ@»P¤£°Ê¦p¨Ó¦@¬Û·|¹J¡CªÙ§Q¥±¡I¥H¦¹¦]½t·í¥Í©¼¬É¡C¡]¤j¥¿11¡A109c~110a¡^

 

°j¦VµL¤WµÐ´£¬O¨âªÌ©Ò¦@³qªº¡A¦ý±N¥¦«P¦¨©¹¥Íªº±ø¥ó¤§¤@¡A¬O¥jĶ¤¤©Ò¨S¦³ªº¡C¥H½Ñµ½®Ú°j¦VµÐ´£¡A¦AµoÄ@©¹¥Í©¼¤g¡A·N§Y§Æ±æ©¹¥Í©¼¤gªº²³¥Í¡A¬O¥²¾Ç²ßªüÓK¦ò¡AµoµÐ´£¤ß¡A­×µÐÂĦæ¡A¼s«×²³¥Í¡CªüÓK¦ò²b¤g¥i»¡¥u¬OÄá¤Æ¤j­¼®Ú¾÷ªº¤H¡A¤£¹³À±ªû²b¤g¨º¼Ë¡A¬O¤T®Ú´¶³Q¡A´N³s¤G­¼¤H¤]¥i©¹¥Í©ó©¼¡C©Ò¥H¡AÄ@©¹ªüÓK¦ò²b¤gªÌ¡A¬O¥²­n°j¦V©óµÐ´£¡Aµo¤j­¼¤ß¡A­×¼s¤j¦æ¡C¦p¦¹ªº°j¦V¡AÁö»¡¬O©¹¥Í©¼°ê¤§¦]¡A¨ä¹ê¤´¬OµÛ­«¦bÄ@¨DµÐ´£¤W¡C

 

2¡B À±ªû²b¤g

¦b¥jĶªº¤jªüÀ±ªû¸g---¡mªüÀ±ªû¤T­C¤T¦òÂļӦòÀȹL«×¤H¹D¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿12¡A300af¡^¤Î¡m¥­µ¥Ä±¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿12¡^¤¤¨S¦³°j¦Vªº¬ÛÃö¤º®e¡A¦ý¦b¨ä¥¦ªºÄ¶µÛ¦p¡G¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡qµL¶q¹Ø·|¡r¡A¡m¦ò»¡¤j­¼µL¶q¹Ø²øÄY¸g¡n¡]§d¡E¤äÁ¾Ä¶¡^¤Î«á´Áµ¥Ä¶µÛ¡A¤~º¥º¥¥X²{¡C¦¹¤¤©Ò½Íªº°j¦V´N¦p¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡qµL¶q¹Ø·|¡r¤¤»¡¡G

 

©¼½Ñ¦òµ¥¦U¦UºÙ¼ÛªüÀ±ªû¦òµL¶q¥\¼w¡A«n¦è¥_¤è¥|ºû¤W¤U½Ñ¦òºÙÆg¥ç´_¦p¬O¡C¦ó¥H¬G¡H¥L¤è¦ò°ê©Ò¦³²³¥Í¡A»DµL¶q¹Ø¦p¨Ó¦W¸¹¡A¤D¦Ü¯àµo¤@©À²b«HÅw³ß·R¼Ö¡A©Ò¦³µ½®Ú°j¦VÄ@¥ÍµL¶q¹Ø°êªÌ¡AÀHÄ@¬Ò¥Í±o¤£°hÂà¡A¤D¦ÜµL¤W¥¿µ¥µÐ´£¡A°£¤­µL¶¡¡K¡KªüÃø¡A­Y¦³²³¥Í¡A©ó¥L¦ò«bµoµÐ´£¤ß¡A±M©ÀµL¶q¹Ø¦ò¡A¤Îùںش޲³¦hµ½®Ú¡Aµo¤ß°j¦VÄ@¥Í©¼°ê¡A¬O¤HÁ{©R²×®É¡AµL¶q¹Ø¦ò»P¤ñ¥C²³¡A«e«á³ò¶²{¨ä¤H«e¡A§Y¨Ó©¹¥Í©¼°ê±o¤£°hÂà¡A·íÃÒµL¤W¥¿µ¥µÐ´£¡C¡K¡K­Y¥L°ê²³¥ÍµoµÐ´£¤ß¡AÁö¤£±M©ÀµL¶q¹Ø¦ò¡A¥ç«Dùںز³¦hµ½®Ú¡AÀH¤v­×¦æ½Ñµ½¥\¼w¡A°j¦V©¼¦òÄ@±ý©¹¥Í¡A¦¹¤HÁ{©R²×®É¡AµL¶q¹Ø¦ò§Y»º¤Æ¨­¡A»P¤ñ¥C²³«e«á³ò¶¨ä©Ò¤Æ¦ò¥ú©ú¬Û¦n»P¯uµL²§¡A²{¨ä¤H«eÄá¨ü¤Þ¾É¡A§YÀH¤Æ¦ò©¹¥Í¨ä°ê¡A±o¤£°hÂàµL¤WµÐ´£¡C¡]¤j¥¿11¡A97c20~98a11¡^

 

­YÄ@©¹¥Í©¼°ê¡A°£¥Ç¤­°f¤§¥~¡A¥u­n±N¤@¤Á¥\¼w°j¦V©ó©¼¡AÁ{©R²×®É¡A«K·|±o¨ìªüÀ±ªû¦ò»P¸t²³ªº±µ¤Þ¡C¤£¦ý¦p¦¹¡A©¹¥Í©ó©¼«á§Y±o¤£°hÂà¦a¡A¥ç§YµL¥Íªk§ÔµÐÂĪº¶¥¦ì¡A¤D¦Ü±oµL¤WµÐ´£¡C¥H¥\¼w°j¦V²b¤g¡A§Y±o©¹¥Í¨Ã±o¤£°hÂà¡A¬O¤j­¼¤¤ªº©ö¦æ¹D¡A¤ñ°_¦¸²Ä­×ÃÒªºÃø¦æ¹D¨Ó±o®e©ö¦h¤F¡C¦]¬°­n¦b®P±C¥@¬É¦¨´N¹D·~¹ê¦b¬O¥ó¤£®e©öªº¨Æ¡A¥B¸û©ö°h¹D¤ß¡A³o¹ïªì¾Ç¦òªÌªº½T·|²£¥Í¬ÈÄß[20]¡C

¡@¡@¦b«á´Áªº½×ª`¤¤¡A¤]¦³½Í¨ì¤GºØ°j¦V¡A§Y©¹¡BÁÙ°j¦V¦p¿ËÆ}ªk®v©ÒµÛ¤§¡m¦p¨Ó¤GºØ°j¦V¤å¡n¡B¡m©¹¬Û°j¦VÁÙ¦V°j¦V¤åÃþ¡n¡B¡m¤J¥X¤GªùÔU¹|¡n¡B¡m±Ð¦æ«HÃÒ¡nµ¥¡C¦¹¤D¨Ì¥@¿ËµÐÂÄ©ÒµÛ¤§¡mµL¶q¹Ø¸gÀuªi´£ªÙÄ@¥ÍÔU¡n¡]¤S¦W¡m²b¤g½×¡n©Î¡m©¹¥Í½×¡n¡^¤¤¡A¦³Ãö¤­©Àªù¤¤¤§°j¦Vªù©Ò§@ªºª`ÄÀ¡C¡m²b¤g½×¡n¤ª¡G

 

¥X²Ä¤­ªù¡A¥H¤j·O´dÆ[¹î¤@¤Á­W²³¥Í¡A¥çÀ³¤Æ¨­°j¤J¥Í¦º¶é·Ð´oªL¤¤¡A¹CÀ¸¯«³q¦Ü±Ð¤Æ¦a¡A¥H¥»Ä@¤O°j¦V¬G¡A¬O¦W¥X²Ä¤­ªù¡CµÐÂĤJ¥|ºØªù¡A¦Û§Q¦æ¦¨´NÀ³ª¾¡CµÐÂÄ¥X²Ä¤­ªù¡A§Q¯q¥L°j¦V¦æ¦¨´NÀ³ª¾¡C¡]¤j¥¿26¡A233a17~24¡^

 

¿ËÆ}ªk®v¥Ñ¦¹¤À¥X¨âºØ°j¦V¦p¤U¡G¡]¤j¥¿83¡A606a¡^

Æ¡©¹¬Û¡G¥H¤v¥\¼w¬I¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A§@Ä@¦@©¹¥Í©¼¤gªüÀ±ªû¦p¨Ó¦w¼Ö²b¤g¡F

Æ¢ÁÙ¬Û¡G¥Í©¼¤g¤w¡A±o°ø¼¯¥L¡BÏi±CªÙ¨º¤è«K¤O¦¨´N¡A°j¦V°j¤J¥Í¦º¸YªL±Ð¤Æ¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¦@¦V¦ò¹D¡C­Y©¹­YÁÙ¡A¬Ò¬°©Þ²³¥Í´ç¥Í¦º®ü¡A¬O¬G¨¥°j¦V¬°­º±o¦¨´N¤j´d¤ß¬G¡C

 

©¹¬Û°j¦V§Y¹ï¥¼ÃÒªüï@¶[­P¡A¤@¤ßµoÄ@©¹¥Í²b¤gªºµÐÂĦӨ¥¡C§Y¥H¤­©Àªù¤¤­×²ß§«ôªù¡]¨­·~§«ôªüÀ±ªû¦ò¡A¬°¥Í©¼°ê¬G¡^¡FÆg¹Äªù¡]¤f·~Æg¹Ä¡AºÙ¦p¨Ó¦W¡B¥ú©ú´¼¬Û¡B¦W¸q¡A±ý¦p¹ê­×¦æ¬ÛÀ³¡^¡F§@Ä@ªù¡]¤@¤ß±M©À²¦³º©¹¥Í¦w¼Ö°ê¤g¡A±ý¦p¹ê­×¦æ°ø¼¯¥L¬G¡^¡F¤ÎÆ[¹îªù¡]Æ[©¼¤g²øÄY¥\¼w¡AªüÀ±ªû¦ò¥\¼w²øÄY¡A¤Î½ÑµÐÂÄ¥\¼w²øÄY¡^¤w¡A¥\¼w»P²³¥Í¦@¡A°j¦V©¹¥Í©¼°ê¡C©Ò¿×ÁÙ¬Û°j¦V¡A§Y©¹¥Í©¼°ê«á¡A¦p¹ê­×°ø¼¯¥L¡]¤î¡^»PÏi±CªÙ¨º¡]Æ[¡^¡A±oµL¥Íªk§Ô¤Jªüï@¶[­P¦a¤w¡A¦A°j¦V±Ð¤Æ²³¥Í¡C¥H¦¹¥»Ä@¤O°j¦V¬G¡AµÐÂħYµÛ¹êªº°j¤J©¤g¡A§ë¤J±Ð¤Æ¡B©ÞÀÙ²³¥Íªº¤u§@¡C

¦]¦¹¡AÀ±ªû²b¤gªº°j¦V¨ã¦³¤G¼h·N¸q¡A§Y°j¦V©¹¥Í©ó©¼¥~¡AÁÙ¦³°j¦V¤J¥Í¦º®ü«×²³¥Í¡C

 

3¡B ¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¤§²b¦ò°ê¤g

¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n©Ò»¡ªºµÐÂĹD¦³¤G¡A¤@ªÌ¡B¯ë­Y¹D¡A¤GªÌ¡B¤è«K¹D¡C¡m´¼½×¡n»¡¡G¡u¯ë­Y±N¤J²¦³ºªÅ¡Aµ´½ÑÀ¸½×¡F¤è«K±N¥X²¦³ºªÅ¡AÄY¤g¼ô¥Í¡v¡AµÐÂĭׯë­Y¹Dªº¥Øªº¬O¬°¤FÂ_¥Í¦º®Ú¥»¡A³o»P¤G­¼¤H¦@¡A¦ýÁÙ¥¼¨ì¹F¨s³º¡F±ý¦Ü¨s³ºªº¦ò´¼¡X¡X¤@¤ÁºØ´¼¡AÁÙ¶·¸g¹L¤è«K¹Dªº­×¦æ¤~¯à¶êº¡¦¨´N¡A¦ÓµÐÂĪº¤è«K¹D§Y¬O«Ø¥ß¦bÄY¤g¼ô¥Í¤W¡C©Ò¿×ªºÄY¤g¼ô¥Í¤]§Y¬O«Ø³]¤@­Ó²M²bªº°ê¤g¡AÅý²³¥Í¦b­×¦æ¤W¤£©ö°h¹D¤ß¡C¦¹¬O¤wÃÒµL¥Íªk§Ô¡A¤C¦a¥H¤WªºµÐÂĪº¥ô°È¡C¦]¦¹¡A°j¦Vªº½d³ò¤]¥]§t¤F²b¦ò°ê¤g³o¤è­±¡A¦pù¤°Ä¶ªº¡m¤j«~¯ë­Y¸g¡n¨÷26»¡¡G

 

µÐÂļ¯¶FÂÄ¡A¬Ò»·Â÷¦p¬O²Ê·~¬Û¡A¦Û¥¬¬I¡A¥ç±Ð¥L¤H¥¬¬I¡F¶·­¹»P­¹¡A¶·¦ç»P¦ç¡A¤D¦ÜºØºØ¸ê¥Í©Ò¶·¡AºÉµ¹»P¤§¡A¥ç±Ð¥L¤HºØºØ¥¬¬I¡C«ù¬OºÖ¼w»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¦@¤§¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¬G¡C«ù§Ù¡B§Ô°d¡Bºë¶i¡BÁI©w¡B´¼¼z¥ç¦p¬O¡C¡]¤j¥¿8¡A408c10~13¡^

 

¡@¡@µÐÂĦ楬¬Iµ¥¤»ªiù»e¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¡AµL«D§Æ±æ¨ä¥¼¨Óªº°ê¤g¤¤¯àºÖ¼z²øÄY¡C¨Ò¦p¸g¤¤©Ò»¡¡GµÐÂÄ¥H¬ü¨ý¶¼­¹¡B¤Ñ­»²Ó·Æµ¥¨Ñ¾i¦ò¡B¹¬¡A¦}¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡C¥H¦¹ºÖ¼w¦@¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¨Ã§@Ä@¡A§Æ±æ¦¨¦ò®É¡A°ê¤g¤¤¥ç¯à¨ã¨¬ºØºØ¬ü¨ý¡B¤Ñ­»µ¥¦p¤Ñ¤Wªº¤­±ý¡A¨Ã¯àÀH¤ß©Ò±ýªº±o¨ì¡C¡]¡m¤j«~¯ë­Y¸g¡n¨÷26¡A¤j¥¿8¡A408c29~ 409a4¡^¦æ¤»ªiù»e¬O¦]¡A²b¤g¬OªG¡A¦Ó°j¦V§Y¤Þ¦]¦ÜªG¤§ÃöÁä¡CµÐÂÄ­Y¤£°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¡A®£©È·|¼Z¤J¤G­¼ªº¯Iºn¡A¦p¦¹«K¤£¯àªí²{¥XµÐÂĪº¤j´d¤ß»PµÐ´£Ä@¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¬OµÐÂĦæ¤è«K¹Dªº¥²µMµ{§Ç¡C

 

4¡B ¡mºû¼¯¸g¡n¤§²b¤g

 

¦³Ãö°j¦V²b¤g¤§¸ê®Æ¡A¦b¡mºû¼¯¸×¸g¡n¤¤¦³¦p¬O¨¥»¡¡G

 

¦ò¨¥¡Gµ½«v¡IÄ_¿n¡A¤D¯à¬°½ÑµÐÂÄ°Ý©ó¦p¨Ó²b¤g¤§¦æ¡C¡K¡K°j¦V¤ß¬OµÐÂIJb¤g¡AµÐÂĦ¨¦ò®É±o¤@¤Á¨ã¨¬¥\¼w°ê¤g¡K¡K¡C

 

±q¤W¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤å¤¤ªº§t¸q¬O¥H¤@¤Á¥\¦æ°j¦V¥¼¨Óªº²b¤g¡A¦Ü¦¨¦ò®É¨ä²b¤g¤~¯à¨ã¨¬¤@¤Á¥\¼w¡C³o»P¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n©Ò»¡ªº¡A¦]¦æ¤¤©Ò³y¤§ºÖ¼w¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¡A»}Ä@±N¨Ó©Ò³y´Nªº²b¤g¤]¯à¨ã¨¬¤@¤Á¡A¥H¯à§Q¯q²³¥Í¡CµM¸g¤¤±µµÛ¤S»¡¡G

 

¦p¬OÄ_¿n¡AµÐÂÄÀH¨äª½¤ß«h¯àµo¦æ¡FÀH¨äµo¦æ«h±o²`¤ß¡FÀH¨ä²`¤ß¡A«h·N½Õ¥ñ¡FÀH¨ä·N½Õ¥ñ«h¦p»¡¦æ¡FÀH¦p»¡¦æ«h¯à°j¦V¡FÀH¨ä°j¦V«h¦³¤è«K¡FÀH¨ä¤è«K«h¦¨´N²³¥Í¡FÀH¦¨´N²³¥Í«h¦ò¤g²b¡FÀH¦ò¤g²b«h»¡ªk²b¡FÀH»¡ªk²b«h´¼¼z²b¡FÀH´¼¼z²b«h¨ä¤ß²b¡FÀH¨ä¤ß²b«h¤@¤Á¥\¼w²b¡C¬O¬GÄ_¿n¡A­YµÐÂıý±o²b¤g·í²b¨ä¤ß¡AÀH¨ä¤ß²b«h¦ò¤g²b¡C¡]¤j¥¿14¡A538a~c¡^

 

¤å¤¤¥Ñ¡uª½¤ß¡v¨ì¡uÀH¨ä¤ß²b«h¤@¤Á¥\¼w²b¡v¡A®Ú¾Ú²b¼v¼z»·¤j®vªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦¹¥i±qµÐÂĪººØ©Ê¦ì¡B¤Q¦a¡B¤D¦Ü¦¨¦ò¦Ó§@Âk¯Ç¡F´«¨¥¤§¡A¬OµÐÂĨ즨¦òªº¾ã­Ó¹Lµ{¡C¨Ì©¼©Ò¨¥¡A°j¦V¬OÄÝ©ó²Ä¥|¡B¤­¡B¤»¦aªºµÐÂÄ¡A¥ç§Y¬O¬X¶¶§Ôªº¶¥¦ì¡A¦¹®Éªº°j¦V¬O½ì¦VµL¥Í¡C¡]¤j¥¿38¡A437c8~9¡^­YªG¡A¦¹³Bªº°j¦V¤]¥u¬O·N§Ó¨D±oµL¥Íªk§Ô½}¤F¡CµÐÂÄÃÒ±oµL¥Íªk§Ô«á¡A¤~¬O¶}©l­×²ß¤è«K¼z¡A±Ð¤Æ²³¥Í¡C¤S±q¦¸²Ä¤W¨Ó¬Ý¡A¡mºû¼¯¸g¡n¬O¥ý±Ð¤Æ²³¥Í¡AÀH²³¥Í¦¨´N¦Ó»¡¦ò¤g²M²b¡A§Y¦p¦¹¸gªº¡q¦ò°ê«~¡r¤¤»¡¡G¡u²³¥Í²b¬G¥@¬É²M²b¡v¡C[21]¦¹»¡¤S»P¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n©Ò½Íªº¥ý²øÄY²b¤g¡A«á¦¨¼ô²³¥Í¡A¨âªÌªº¦¸²Ä¤£¦P¡C

¡@¡@¡@¡]¥|¡^¤p¡@µ²

ºî¤W¨Ó½Í¡A¦b­ì©l¦ò±Ð®É¡A°j¦VªºÆ[©À¦­¤w¦s¦b¡C¤×¨ä¬O±Cùªù±Ð¤¤¡A±q¥L­Ìªº²½ªÁ¤¤¡A«K¦³´M¨DÀ°§U¤`ªÌÂ÷­W±o¼Öªº¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¡C³oºØ¤èªk§Y³z¹L¥¬¬I¦Ó§Æ±æ¤`ªÌ»X¯q¡A¤]´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº°j¦V¡C°j¦V»P¥¬¬I¤§¶¡¡A¤]¦³«Ü¤jªºÃö«Y¡C¥¬¬I¦b¦L«×ªº¤@¯ë¥@«U²z©À¤¤¡A¬O¤@ºØ«D±`±R°ªªº¹D¼w¦æ¬°¡C©Ò¥H¡A¸g¤¤±`¨£°j¦V¤§«e¡A¥¬¬I©Î¨Ñ¾i­×¦æ¤H¬O¥²µMªº¨BÆJ¡C³o¨Ç¥ç³£¬O¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¦­¦³°O¸üªº¨Æ¹ê¡C¦ý¬O¡A±qªü§t¸Ì¡A§Ú­Ì¥ç¤£Ãøµo²{¡A­ì©l¦ò±Ð¤§µÛ­«ÂI¦b¦Û§Ú¸Ñ²æ¡A¦]¦¹¡AµL½×¥ô¦ó­×¦æ³£±j½Õ°j¦V©ó¯Iºn¡A³o¤]¬O­ì©l¦ò±Ð¤§°j¦Vªº¯S½è¡C

ª½¦Ü³¡¬£¦ò±Ð¡A°£¤FÄ~©Óªü§tªº°j¦V«ä·Q¥~¡A§ó¦³ÂX¤j¨ä¤º®eªº¸ñ¶H¡C¨ä¤¤¦³ÃöºÖ¼w°j¦V©ó²³¥Í¤è­±¡A¦³³¡¹ï¥¦ªº¥i¯à©Ê¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡C¦P®É¡A¤]°ò©ó¤j­¼«ä·Qªº³vº¥¿³²±¡A°j¦V±q¦Û§Ú¸Ñ²æªº±j½Õ¡A¨B¦VµÐ´£»P§Q¯q¦³±¡¡C¥t¥~¡A¦b³¡¬£¶¡¡A°j¦V©ó­×¦æ¤¤¤]®i¶}¤F¥t¤@­Ó¥i¯à©Ê¡A§Y­Ñ¸Ñ²æªºªüùº~¯à©ó©w¤¤¡A°j¦VºÖ¼w¦¨¹Ø©R¡A©Î°j¦V¹Ø©R¦¨ºÖ¼w¡C

¦b¤j­¼¦ò±Ðªì²±´Á¡A°j¦V¶}©l»{¬°¤G­¼ªº¯Iºn¬O¤£¨s³º¡A¦]¦¹¡A°j¦V©óµÐ´£»P²³¥Í¬OµÐÂĦæ¡C¦bµÐ´£¹D¤W¡AµÐÂÄÃÒµL¥Íªk§Ô«á¡A§ó¶·­t¾áÄY¤g¼ô¥Íªº³d¥ô¡A©Ò¥H°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤gªº«ä·Q¤]²£¥Í¡A¦p¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¤Î¡mºû¼¯¸g¡n¤¤©Ò»¡¡CµM¨âªÌ¹ï²b¦ò°ê¤gªº¥D±i¤£¦P¡A¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¬O¥ý¦¨¥ß²b¤g«á¡A¤~±Ð¤Æ©¹¥Í©ó©¼ªº²³¥Í¡F¦Ó¡mºû¼¯¸g¡n«h¥D±i¥ý±Ð¤Æ²³¥Í¡A¦Ü²³¥Í»P¦Û¤vªº¤º¤ß³£²M²b®É¡A¤~¥i¦W¬°²b¤g¡C¥t¤]¦³µÛ­«©¹¥ÍªÌ¦Ó½Í°j¦V¡A¦pªüÓK¦ò¡BªüÀ±ªû¦ò²b¤g¡C±ý©¹¥ÍªüÓK¦ò°êªÌ¡A¥²¨ãµÐ´£¤ß¡BµÐÂĦæ¡A¬G°j¦VµÐ´£¤~±o¥H©¹¥Í¡F¦Ó±ý©¹¥ÍÀ±ªû¦ò°êªÌ¡AµL½×§Q©Î¶w®ÚªÌ¡A¥u­nºÙ¦WµoÄ@°j¦V©¹¥Í§Y¥i¡C

¡@¡@¦P®É¡A¦bªì´Á¤j­¼®É¡A°j¦V§ó»PÄb®¬¡BÄU½Ð¡BÀH³ß¦Ó§Î¦¨¤j­¼¿W¯Sªº­×¦æªkªù¡C¦¹ªkªù³Ì¦­¥i»¡¬O·½¦Û¡mªÙ§Q¥±®¬¹L¸g¡n¡A¥Ñ¦w¥@°ªªk®vĶ¡A¤j¬ù¤£·|±ß©ó¦è¤¸¤@¥@¬ö¡C[22]Äb®¬¡BÄU½Ð¡BÀH³ß°j¦V¡A³o¤TºØªkªù¡A³Ì«á¤]³QºÙ¬°¤T«~¦æ¡CÀH¦¹ªkªùªº¶}®i¡A¤Þ°_¤F³\¦h¤j­¼¸g½×ªº´£­Ò¡A¦p¡m¤T«~¸g¡n¡B¡m¤j­¼¤T»EÄb®¬¸g¡n¡B¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¡B¡mµØÄY¸g¡n¡q´¶½å¦æÄ@«~¡r¡B¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n¤Î¡m¤Q¦íÏi±C¨F½×¡nµ¥¡C°j¦V©ó¦ò±Ðªº¬yµ{¤¤¡A¤j­P¤W§Y¨Ì¥H¤Wªº´X­Ó¦]¯À¦Ó®i¶}ºtÅÜ¡C

 

 

¥|¡B °j¦V¤§¥i¦æ©Ê

 

¦b¦Û§Q¤è­±¡A°j¦VµÛ­«©ó­×¦æªº¥Ø¼Ð¡X¡X¯Iºn¡BµÐ´£©Î©¹¥Í²b¤g¡CÁö¤j¤p­¼©Ò±j½Õ¦U²§¡A¦ý³o¬O¹ï¦Û§Ú­n¨Dªº¦æ¬°¡C¦P®É¤]¬Oªí¥Ü­×¹DªÌªº§Ó¦V¡A°£µLº|ªk¥~¡A§óµL§O½ì¡C³q¹L°j¦V¡A±N­×¦æ¦^Âk¸Ñ²æ¡AµL«D¬O­n¾d©T¦Û¤vªº§ÓÄ@¡A¥H§K¤¤³~°h¥¢¡C¯S§O¬Oªìµo¤ß¾Ç¦òªÌ¡A¦b¦U¤è­±³£©|¥¼¨ã¨¬¡A·Ð´o¹Ð«¯¤´µM²`«p®É¡A§ó¶·°j¦V¡AÅý¦Û¤vªºµÐ´£¤ß»P¤j´d¤ßµÞ¥Í¡A¦p¡m¤Q¦íÏi±C¨F½×¡n¨÷6»¡¡G

 

¬OµÐÂÄ¥HÄb®¬¡BÄU½Ð¡BÀH³ß¡B°j¦V¬G¡AºÖ¤OÂà¼W¡A¤ß½Õ¬X¡A©ó½Ñ¦òµL¶q¥\¼w²M

²b²Ä¤@¡A¤Z¤Ò©Ò¤£«H¦Ó¯à«H¨ü¡A¤Î½Ñ¤jµÐÂIJM²b¤j¦æ¡A§Æ¦³Ãø¨Æ¥ç¯à«H¨ü¡CµÐ

ÂÄ«H½Ñ¦òµÐÂĵL¶q¬Æ²`²M²b²Ä¤@¥\¼w¤w¡A·]¶Ë½Ñ²³¥ÍµL¦¹¥\¼w¡A¦ý¥H½Ñ¨¸¨£¨ü

ºØºØ­W´o¡A¬G²`¥Í´d¤ß¡C¡]¤j¥¿26¡A49b14~22¡^

 

¦p½×©Ò»¡¡Aªì¾ÇªºµÐÂĺë¶i¶Ô­×Äb®¬·~»Ù¡FÄU½Ð½Ñ¦ò¦í¥@Âàªk½ü¡FÀH³ß½Ñ¦ò¤Î²³¥Í¦æµ½¥\¼w¡F°j¦VµÐ´£¤Î²³¥Í¡A¥Øªº¦b©ó°ö¾iºÖ¼w¤Î´¼¤O¡C«Ý¨ä¼W¼s«á¡A¤º¤ß­è±j¿K²±¤§·Ð´o±o¥H½Õ¬X¡A¤~¯à¹ï¦ò¤§µL¶q²M²b¥\¼w²`«H¤£ºÃ¡Aº¥¦ÓµoµÐ´£¤ß¡A¦æµÐÂĹD¡C¦]¦¹¡A°£¤Fºë¶i©ó¹D·~¡A®É®É¤£Â_ªº°j¦V¡A¤£¦ý¬O¸Ñ²æ¹D¤Wªº­«­n§U½t¡A°j¦VªÌ¥ç¥²¯à¦pÄ@¥HÀv¡A¹F¦¨¥Ø¼Ð¡C©Ò¥H¡A¦Û§Q¤è­±ªº°j¦V¡A­Y¦p¹êµÛ¸¨¡A¥²¯à¦¨®Ä¡CµM¦Ó¡A§Q¥L¤è­±ªº°j¦V¡A«h¦³¤£¦PªºÄ³½×¡C

 

¡@¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^Às¾ðªº¬Ýªk

¤@¯ë½Í¨ì°j¦V²³¥Í®É¡A³£¬O±N¦Û¤v­×¦æªººÖ¼w°j¦V²³¥Í¡A¥O©¼ºÖ³ø¼Wªø¡C¦ý¬O¡AÀs¾ðµÐÂÄ»{¬°¡G¦]¤¤©Ò­×ªººÖ¼w¤£¯à»P²³¥Í¦@¦ÓªG³ø¥i»P¡A¦p¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n¨÷6¤ª¡G

¡@¡@

¦@¤@¤Á²³¥ÍªÌ¡A¬OºÖ¼w¤£¥i±o»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¦ÓªG³ø¥i»P¡CµÐÂĬJ±oºÖ¼wªG³ø¡A

¦çªA¡B¶¼­¹µ¥¥@¶¡¼Ö¨ã¡A¥H§Q¯q²³¥Í¡CµÐÂÄ¥HºÖ¼w²M²b¨­¡B¤f¡A¤H©Ò«H¨ü¡F¬°

²³¥Í»¡ªk¡A¥O±o¤Qµ½¹D¡B¥|ÁIµ¥¡A»P§@«á¥@§Q¯q¡C¥½«á¦¨¦ò±oºÖ¼wªG³ø¡A¨­¦³

¤T¤Q¤G¬Û¡A¤K¤QºØÀH§Î¦n¡AµL¶q¥ú©ú¡AÆ[ªÌµL¹½¡FµL¶q²M²b¡A±ë­µ¬X©M¡AµLê

¸Ñ²æµ¥½Ñ¦òªk¡A©ó¤T¨Æ¡]­¼¡^¥Ü²{¡A«×µL¶qªü¹¬¬é²³¥Í¡C¯ë¯Iºn«á¡A¸H¨­ªÙ§Q¡A

»P¤H¨Ñ¾i¡A¤[«á¬Ò¥O±o¹D¡C¬OªG³ø¥i»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A¥HªG¤¤»¡¦]¬G¡A¨¥ºÖ¼w»P²³

¥Í¦@¡C­YºÖ¼w¥i¥H»P¤HªÌ¡A½Ñ¦ò±qªìµo¤ß©Ò¶°ºÖ¼w¡AºÉ¥i»P¤H¡AµM«á§ó§@¡Cµ½

ªkÅ餣¥i»P¤H¡A¤µª½¥HµL¬È¡BµL´o¬I»P²³¥Í¡C¡]¤j¥¿25¡A487c~488a¡^

 

¡@¡@¯¸¦bÀs¾ðµÐÂĪº¥ß³õ¤W¡AµÐÂĦ]¦a¤¤©Ò²Ö¿n¤§ºÖ¼w¸ê³¡A¥²¶·¦bªG³ø²{«e®É¤~¯à¬I»P²³¥Í¡Cªìµo¤ßµÐÂÄ¡A¥Ñ©óºÖ³ø»P´¼¼z¤Wªº¤£¨¬¡A¦]¦¹¦b«×¤Æ¤u§@¤WµLªkµÛ¹êªº§Q¯q²³¥Í¡Cª½¨ìºÖ´¼º¥¼W¡A¯à¤O½d³ò©Ò¤Î®É¡A¤~¯à¯u¥¿¥H°]¬I¡Bªk¬I§Q¯q²³¥Í¡F¦¨¦ò«á§ó¥H¥X¥@¤§¤T­¼ªk¼s«×²³¥Í¥X¥Í¦º®ü¡F¤D¦Ü¯Iºn«á¡A¨äªÙ§Q¥çÅý²³¥Í°_«H¸Ñ¦æÃÒ¡C©Ò¿×ªººÖ¼w¡A½×¤¤¨¥¡uµ½ªkÅé¡v¡A¨Ã¸ÑÄÀ¬°¡G¡uµ½®Ú¬ÛÀ³½Ñµ½ªk¡A¤Îµ½®Ú©Ò°_¨­¡B¤ß¡B¤f·~¡A©M¦X¬Oªk¡A¦W¬°ºÖ¼w¡v¡C¡]¤j¥¿25¡A488b19~21¡^©Ò¨¥µ½®Ú§Y¤£³g¡B¤£½Q¡B¤£Ã¨¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A¥Ñµ½ªº¨­¡B¤f¡B·N¥h³y§@¤»ªiù»eµ¥µ½ªk¡A§Y¦W¬°ºÖ¼w¡C¨º»ò¡AÀs¾ð©Ò»¡ªººÖ¼w¬O§_´N¬Oµ½·~ªº§O¦W©O¡H¨ä¹ê¤£µM¡A¥ÑÀs¾ð©Ò»¡ªº¡uµ½ªkÅé¡v¡A¤j¥i±À´úºÖ¼wÀ³¬O³y§@¤§«á©Ò²£¥Íªº¾l¤O¡C´N¹³¦³³¡©Ò»¡ªº¡uµLªí·~¡v©Î¤j­¼°ßÃѪº¡uºØ¤l¡v»¡¡A¬O°Ê§@²£¥Í«á©Ò¿ò¯d¤U¨Óªº¼ç¦b¤O¶q¡CÁö¤£·|§Y¨è¤ÞµoªG³øÅé¡A¦ý¦³±À°Ê«P¦¨ªG³øªº§@¥Î¡Aª½¦Ü®É¾÷¦¨¼ô«K§Î¦¨²§¼ôªG³ø¡C¤S½×¤¤»¡¡G±qªìµo¤ß¨ì§¤¹D³õªº­×¦æ¹Lµ{¡A¡u¬O¤¤µÐÂĦۭ׺ּw©M¦X±o¦ò¹D¡A¤D¦Ü¤JµL¾l¯Iºn¡v¡]¤j¥¿25¡A488b¡^¡C·N§Y¬O»¡¡GµÐÂĭפ»ªiù»eµ¥©Ò±oªººÖ¼w¡A¬O¦¨¦ò¤D¦Ü¤JµL¾l¯Iºnªº¦]¯À¡FºÖ¼w¥u¬O¦¨¦ò«e©Ò²Ö¿nªº¸ê³¡C¦Ó³oºØ¸ê³¡A¬O¦Û¤vªº­×¦æ©Ò±oªº¡uµ½ªkÅé¡v¡A¦b¥¼§Î¦¨ªG³ø«e¡A¥u¬O¼çÂ交ߪº¤O¶q¡A¨º¤S¦p¦ó¯àµ¹¤©²³¥Í©O¡H¦]¦¹¡AÀs¾ð¦³¦p¦¹ªº¬Ýªk¡G¡uµ½ªkÅ餣¥i»P¤H¡v¡A·Q¥²¤]¬O°ò©ó³oÂI¦Ó»¡ªº¡C

¡@¡@¦b¤p­¼ªºÆ[©À¤¤¡A¨ä©ó·~ªº§@¥ÎÃö«Y¤W¡A¤]¬O¥D±i¦Û§@·~¨üªº­ì²z¡CÁöµM¡A½t°_ªk¬O¥Í·ÀµL±`¡A¨S¦³¤@­Ó«í¦s¤£Åܪº¦Û§Ú¡F¦ý¬O¡A¦³±¡¬O¨Ì´b¡B·~¡B­W¦Ó§Î¦¨½ü°jªº¬ÛÄò¡C±q¦³±¡¥»¨­¡A¨ÌµL©ú¦Ó³y·~¨ü³ø¡AµL¤£»¡©ú¤F¦Û§@¦Û¨üªº¹D²z¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡A©Ò³yªºµ½·~¡A¦b½t°_ªºªk«h¤U¡A¤]¬OÂ÷¤£¶}¦Û§@¦Û¨üªº½dÃ¥¡C¥i¨£¡A¥HÀs¾ðªº¬Ýªk¡A¨ä¹ê¤]¬O©¾©ó­ì©l¦ò±Ð¤§²z©À¡C¦]¦¹¡AÃö©ó³o¤@ÂI¡A¨ä¹ê¤j¤p­¼©Î«n¥_¶Ç¤§¶¡¬O¤@­Pªº¡C

 

¡@¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^²³¥Íªº¦]½t

ÁöµM¡AÀs¾ð¥D±iºÖ¼w¤£¥i»P¤H¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¡A±q¨ä¥L¸g½×ªº°O¸ü¡A¦h¤Ö¥i¥H¤F¸Ñ³o¨Ã«D§¹¥þ¤£¥i¯à¡C¤×¨ä¡A¦b«n¶Ç¸g¤§¡q°­¨Æ³¡¡r¡]Petta-vatthu¡^¸Ì¡A«K±Ô»¡¤F³\¦h±q°j¦V¤¤Àò§Qªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C¦bº~¶Çªº¡m¼¶¶°¦Ê½t¸g¡n¡]¬Û·í©ó±ë¤åªºAvadana-wataka¡^¤]¦³¦p¦¹Ãþ¦üªº¨å¬G¡A¨ä¤¤¦b¡q¦Ñ¥Àµ½·Rádzg½t¡r¤¤¡A§ó°O­z°j¦VºÖ¼w¯à»P¤§»¡¡A¦p¤U©Ò¨¥¡G

 

¡]°­¡^¡G¡u°ßÄ@¤j¤ý·O«s¼¦·]¡A¬°§Ú³]¨Ñ¡A½Ð¦ò¤Î¹¬¡A¨Ï§Ú²æ¦¹¹ú´c¤§¨­¡C¡v¡]ªi´µ°Î¡^¤ý§Y°Ý¨¥¡G¡u¬°¦¼³]ºÖ¡A­Y±oª¾¤£¡H¡v©¼¤Hµª¨¥¡G¡u³]ºÖ¥²±o¡A¤ý¦Û·í¨£¡C¡v¡K´M§Y¬°³]¡A½Ð¦ò¤Î¹¬¡C©GÄ@¡]°j¦V¡^¤w³º¡A©¼¾ð¤U¤H¡A¦Ê¨ý¶¼­¹¡A¦ÛµM¦b«e¡C¡]¤j¥¿4¡A214c8~16¡^

 

¦³Ãö©ó¦¹¡A¦b¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿2¡A272b¡^¤¤¤]¦³´£¨ì±Cùªù°Ý¦ò¡G¬°¤w¬G¿Ë¤H³yºÖ¡A©¼¬O§_¨ü¥Îªº°ÝÃD¡CµM¡A³o¨Ç¤]¥u¬OÂI¥X¨ä¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦Ó­I«áªº­ì¦]«h¤£«Ü¸ÔºÉ¡C¤£¹L¡A¦b¡m¤jÏi±C¨F½×¡n¤¤¡A«h¸Ô­z¤F¨ä¤¤ªº¹D²z¡A¦p¨ä¨¥¡G

 

¦p½Ñ»E¸¨«°¨¶¤¤¤H¡A©Î¬°¤l®]¤£Â_µ´¬G¡A©Î¬°°]²£¼W²±¬G¡A©Î¬°´I¦W¤[¬y¶Ç¬G¡A¥Hªk«Dªk¶°½Ñ°]Ä_¤û¦Ïµ¥ª«¡A©ó¤v¿ËÄÝ©|¤£±ý»P¡Aªp¬I¥L¤H¡C©¼¥ÑádzgÄñ¿£¤ß¬G¡A±Ë¤H¦P¤À¥Í°­½ì¤¤¡A©ó¦ÛªÙ¦v¤ôÄu´ZÞT¤£²b³B¦í¡C©¼¦³¿ËÄÝ°lÅʥͭW¡A§@¬O©À¨¥¡G¡u©¼¶°°]²£¦Û¤£¨ü¥Î¡A¥ç¤£¬I¤H¡A¤µ¥Í¦ó©Ò¡H¡v¹E¶°¿Ë¨½¡A½Ð½Ñ¨Fªù±Cùªùµ¥¡A³]¤j¬I·|¡AÄ@¦¹¸ê©¼±Ë­W¨ü¼Ö¡Cº¸®É¾j°­©ó¦Û¦í³B¡A¨£¦p¬O¨Æ¡A©ó¦Û¿Ë¨½¥Í²²·Q¡A©ó¨ä°]ª«¥Í¤v¦³·Q¡A§Y®ÉÅw³ß¡F©óºÖ¥Ð©Ò¡A¥Í«H·q¤ß¡A©ó¨ä©Ò§@°_ÀH³ß¤ß¡A«KÂ÷­«­W¡C¥Ñ¦¹¦]½t²½ªÁ«h¨ì¡C°Ý¡G­Yº¸¦ó¬G¤£¦W¥L§@·~¥L¨üªG­C¡Hµª¡G¤£º¸¡A©¼©óº¸®É¥Ñ¥Í·q«H¡BÀH³ß¤ß¬G¡A¨£¬I¥\¼wádzg¹L¥¢¡A¥Ñ¦¹¼Wªø±Ë¬ÛÀ³«ä¡A¦¨¶¶²{¨ü·~±o²{ªkªG¬G¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A61a¡^

 

¥Ñ¦¹¥i¨£¡A­Y¬°¥ý¤`¥¬¬I³yºÖ¡A¹ï¤è¬O¦³¥i¯àÀò§Q¡AµM©¼¶·¨ã³Æ¬YºØ±ø¥ó¡A¤]´N¬O¹ïºÖ¥Ð°_«H·q¤ß¡A¤Î¹ï¨ä¿ËÄÝ©Ò§@°_ÀH³ß¤ß¡C¦ý³o¥²³º¤£¬O¹ï¤è¿Ë¦Û¥h°µ¡A¬O§_¦³¥L§@·~¥L¨üªGªº±¡§Î¡A¦Ó¹H¤Ï¤F¦]ªG©O¡H¦³Ãö¦¹¤@°ÝÃD¡A½×¤¤¤]§@¤F¦^µª»¡¡G¡u¤£º¸¡A©¼©óº¸®É¡A¥Ñ¥Í·q«H¡BÀH³ß¤ß¬G¡A¨£¬I¥\¼w¡Aádzg¹L¥¢¡A¥Ñ¦¹¼Wªø±Ë¬ÛÀ³«ä¡A¦¨¶¶²{¨ü·~±o²{ªkªG¡v¡C¡]¤j¥¿27¡A61a¡^·q«H¡BÀH³ß¤Î±Ë¡A¤TªÌ³£¬OÄÝ©ó·N·~¡A¥Ñ·N·~ªºÂàÅܦӭP¨ÏªG³øªºÅܤơA¨ä¤¤³Ì¥D­nªº¦]¯ÀÁÙ¬O±Ë¤ß¡C

¡@¡@¡@ °£¦¹¤§¥~¡AºF·\¤ÎÄb®¬¤]¬O¨M©w°j¦V¬O§_¦¨®ÄªºÃöÁä©Ò¦b¡AÁ|¦p¡m¼¶¶°¦Ê½t¸g¡n¤¤¡A»¡Àu¦hù¥À¼Z¾j°­«á¡A¤^¨D¨ä¨à¡AÀu¦hù¤ñ¥C»¡¡G¡u¦¼¤µ­Y¯à¬°§Ú³]¨Ñ¡A¬I¦ò¤Î¹¬¡A¬°§ÚÄb®¬¡A§Ú±o²æ¾j°­¨­¡v¡Cº¸®É¡A¤ñ¥C«K¥H¼¦¼§¤§¤ß¡A§ó¬°©¼³]ÂN¨Ñ¾i¦ò¤Î¹¬²³¡C¦P®É¡A¨ä¥À¤]¿Ë¦Û¨Ó¨ì²{³õµoÅSÄb®¬¡AÅ¥»D¦òªk¦Ó°_ºF·\¤ß¡CÀH«á¡A§YºÖ³øÂà¼W¡A¤D¦Ü±o¶·ªû¬§ªG¡C¡]¤j¥¿4¡A225b¡^

¡@¡@¦p¤W©Ò»¡¡A²³¥Í¬O§_¯à±q°j¦V¤¤¨ü¯q¡A¶·±q¨ä©Ò¨ã³Æªº±ø¥ó¤W¦Ò¶q¡C°j¦VªÌ¥i»¡¬O¤@­Ó§U½t¡A±q¦æµ½¨ì°j¦Vªº¹Lµ{¤§¶¡¡A­Y²³¥Í¯àÀH³ß¡B«H·q¡BÄb®¬¡A¬Æ¦Ó±Ë±¼·Ð´o¡A¨º¥L­Ì¥²¯àÀò¯q¡C¤Ï¤§¡A°²¦p¥L­Ì·Ð´o²`«p¡A¹ïºÖ¥Ð¤Î©Ò¦æµ½¨Æ²£¥Í±Æ¥¸©Êªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¡A°j¦VªÌ«K¦Û¨É¨äªG¡C¤S¦p²b¼v¼z»·ªk®v¡A©ó¨ä©ÒµÛ¤§¡m¤j­¼¸q³¹¡n¤¤»¡¡G¡u¦òªkÁöµL¦Û·~¥L¤H¨üªG¡A¥çµL¥L·~¦Û¤v¨ü³ø¡A«DµL©¼¦¹¤¬¬Û§U½t¡A¥H¬Û§U¬G±o¥H¤vµ½°j¬I©ó©¼¡A¥H°j¦V¬G©ó¥¼¨Ó¥@±`¯à¤£±Ë¡A§Q¯q²³¥Í§U¥O­×µ½¡A¬G¶·°j¦V¡v¡C¡]¤j¥¿44¡A637a¡^¦]¦¹¡A°j¦V²³¥Í¬O§_¦¨®Ä¡A´N¬Ý°j¦VªÌ¬O§_¯à¥Hµ½ªk»¤¤Þ³Q°j¦VªÌ¥Í°_²M²b¤ß¡A­Y¯à¦p¦¹¡A°j¦VªÌ«K¯à¼W¤W¦Û¤vªº´d¤ß¡A¼W¼s¦Û¤vªººÖ¼w¡F³Q°j¦VªÌ«h¦]¦Û¤v²b¤ß²{«e¦Ó¯à°£»Ù­PºÖ¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A³o¬O¦@·~¤§¤U©Ò§Î¦¨ªºµ²ªG¡C±q¦¹¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A°j¦V«h¤£ÃaÀs¾ð©Ò»¡·~¤O¦Û­tªºªk«h¡A¥B¯à·|³q°j¦V§Q¯q¥L¤Hªº½Ñ¸g¤§¨ÒÃÒ¡C

¡@¡@Á`¤§¡A°j¦V¡A©ó¦Û§Q¤W¨Ó»¡¡A¬OÅý§Ó¦V§ó©ú½T»P°í©T¡C©ú½TªÌ¡A§Y­×¦æ¥Øªº¤£¨D¤H¡B¤Ñ¤§¦³º|µ½ªk¡A¦Ó¬O¦V©ó¯Iºn¸Ñ²æ¡X¡X¤@¤Á´¼¡A©Î¨s³ºµÐ´£¡X¡X¤@¤ÁºØ´¼¡C°í©TªÌ¡A®É®É°j¦V§Y¯à¤£§Ñªì¤ß¡A¤D¦Ü°f¹Ò¤]¤£°h¤ß¡C¦b§Q¥L¤è­±¡A¯S§O¬O¤j­¼¡A«D±`­«µø±Ð¤Æ²³¥Íªº¥ô°È¡A©Ò¥H°£¤F°l¨DµÐ´£ªº§Ó¦V¡AÄY¤g¼ô¥Í¤]¬O¥²­nªº§Ó¦V¡CµM¡A°j¦V¬O§_¯à§Q¯q²³¥Í¡A´N«Ý²³¥Í¬O§_¤]¯à»Pµ½ªk¬ÛÀ³¡C­YÂù¤è³£¯à»Pµ½ªk¬ÛÀ³¡A§Î¦¨¦@·~¡A¨º¨ä¹êÂù¤è³£·|±q¤¤Àò¯q¡A¤¬¬Û¦¨´N¡C

 

 

¤­¡B µ²¡@½×

 

±q¥H¤Wªº±´°Q¤¤¡A°j¦V¤§¤º®e¥i¤À¬°¥H¤U´XÂI¡G

1¡B   °j¦Vªº»y¸q«Ü¼s¡A±q±ë¤åparinama¤¤©Ò¯àª¾¹Dªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A§Y¦³°j¶¡B°j¤J¡B§ïÅÜ¡BÂà¦Vµ¥ªº·N¨ý¡C¥t¥~¡A«n¶Ç¸g¨å¤¤¤]¦³Ãö©ó°j¦Vªº¤º®e¡A¦ý©Ò¥Îªº»yµü«h¬Odakkhinam adisi¡Bpattim adasiµ¥¡CDakkhinam¡A±ë¤å¬Odaksina¡A¥¦­Ìªº­ì·N¬O¨Ñ¾i©Î¨Ñ«~¡A³o¬O±Cùªù±Ð¤¤­ì¦³ªº©w¸q¡A¦ý«á¨Ó«hºtÅܦ¨¬°ºÖ¼w¡]merrit¡^¡CAdisi©Îadewanam «h¬Oµ¹»Pªº·N«ä¡A©Ò¥H¨âªÌ¨Ö¦X¡A§Y¦³±NºÖ¼wµ¹»P¡]¥L¤H¡^ªº·N«ä¡A¥Ñ¦¹¤Þ¥ÓºÖ¼w°j¦V²³¥Í¤§·N¡C¦ò±Ð©Ò»¡ªº°j¦V¥D­n¥i¤À¬°¨âÂI¡A¤@¡B¦Û§Q¤è­±¡A§Y°j¦V¤G­¼ªº¯Iºn»P¤j­¼ªºµÐ´£¡F¤G¡B§Q¥L¤è­±¡A§Y°j¦V©ó²³¥Í©Î²b¦ò°ê¤g¡C

2¡B   ±q¦U¸g½×¤¤¡A¥i¤F¸Ñ°j¦V¸g¥Ñ­ì©l¦ò±Ð¨ìªì´Á¤j­¼ªººtÅܹLµ{¡C°j¦V¨Ã«D¦ò±Ð¿W¦³¡A©¼©ó·í®Éªº¦L«×ªÀ·|¦­¤w´¶¤Î¤Æ¡C¦ò±Ð±N¨ä¯Ç¤J°Q½×½d³ò¡A¤@¤è­±¬O°ò©ó·í®Éªº»Ý¨D¡A¥t¤@¤è­±«h±N¥¦¡A¥Ñ¥@«UªºÆ[©À¾É¤J¦òªkªºª¾¨£¡CµM¡A¦b¾ã­Ó¦ò±Ð¾ú¥vªººtÅܤ¤¡A¨ä§t¸q¤Î¤º®e¤]ÀH¤§ÅܤơF±qµÛ­«¦Û§Ú¸Ñ²æªº°j¦V¨ì¤T¤ß¡]µÐ´£Ä@¡B¤j´d¤ß¤ÎµL©Ò±o¼z¡^¬ÛÀ³ªº°j¦V¡A¥Ñ¦¹¤£Ãøµo²{¤j¤p­¼«ä·Q©Ò³y¦¨¤§¼vÅT¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A°j¦V¬O±q³Ì°ò¼hªºªÀ·|¡Aµo¥Í¦b¹ï¦º«á¥Í¤Ñªº´Á±æ¤Î¹ï¤`ªÌªº±¥©À¡F¦ò±Ð«h±N¨ä¾É¤J¥X¥@¶¡ªº¥¿¨£¡A¥O­×¦æªº¥Ø¼Ð´Â¦V¸Ñ²æ¥Í¦º½ü°j¡B´d´¼¬ÛÀ³ªº¨s³º³B¡C¤×¨ä¬OµÛ­«´d¤ßªº¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¡A°j¦V²b¦ò°ê¤g¬OµÐÂĪº¥ô°È¡C¦¹¥~¡A­×¦æªÌ¤]¥i¥HÂǵ۰j¦V¦Ó©¹¥Í©ó²b¤g¡C¦ýÀH©Ò¨Ì¾Úªº¸g¨å¤£¦P¡A©Ò¥H©¹¥Íªº±ø¥ó¤]¦³©Ò®t²§¡A¦pªüÓK¦ò²b¤g¥uÄá¤j­¼®Ú©Êªº¤H¡A¦ÓªüÀ±ªû¦ò²b¤g«h®eÄá¤W¡B¤¤¡B¤U¤TºØ®Ú©Êªº¤H¡C¦¹¬O¤j­¼¦ò±Ðªº¤è«Kªkªù¡C±q°j¦V©óµÐ´£¤~¯à©¹¥ÍªüÓK¦ò²b¤g¡A¨ì¥u¶·ºÙ©À¦W¸¹§Y¯à©¹¥ÍªüÀ±ªû¦ò²b¤g¡A¨ä¤¤¥i¨£²b¤gªkªùªº¶VÁͤè«K¡C

3¡B   ¦Ü©ó°j¦Vªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡A¦U®a»¡ªkÁö²§¡A¦ý³£¦³¨ä©Ò¨£»P¤£¨£¡CÀs¾ðµÐÂĬO¥D±iºÖ¼w¤£¥i°j¦V¡A¦¹¶·«ÝªG³ø¦¨¼ô«á¡A¤~¯àµ¹»P²³¥Í¡C¦]¬°¡Aµ½¦æ©Ò±o¤§µ½·~Ê^¡A©ó½t°_ªº©w«ß¤W¬O¤£¯à»P¤Hªº¡A§_«h§Y¦³¦Û§@¥L¨üªº¤Ï±`²{¶H¡C¥i¬O¡AÀs¾ðµÐÂÄ«o©¿²¤¤F¦@·~¤§¤U©Ò²£¥Íªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C¨ä¹ê¡A­YÂù¤èªº¦]½t³£¨ã¨¬ªº¸Ü¡A©¼¦¹¹ïµ½ªk³£¥Í°_¦@»ï¡A³q¹L°j¦VªÌªºµ½¦æ¡A¹ï¤è¤]¬O¯à°÷±o¨ì¯u¹ê§Q¯q¡C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¡i°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡j

 

1.          ©¤¤@­^¡G¡q¤p«~¨t¯ë­Y¸gにおける¡u°j¦V¡vについて¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð½×ÂO¡n18¡A²b¤g©v±Ð¾Ç°|¡A¬L©M49¦~11¤ë10¤é¡Ap.140~143

2.          ·ä³¡«Ø¡G¡q¥\¼w¬Iするという¦Ò¤è¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¾Çせミナ¡X¡n20¸¹¡A¤j¨¦¤j¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¬L©M49¦~¡Ap.93~100

3.         °ª­ì«H¤@¡G¡q°j¬Iについて¡r¡A¡m©v±Ð¬ã¨s¡n242¸¹¡A1980¦~2¤ë¡Ap. 469~470

4.         °ª­ì«H¤@¡G¡q°j¬Iについて¡r¡A¡mºÖ©£¤j¾Ç¤H¤å½×ÂO¡n11¨÷¡A4¸¹¡]³q¨÷43¸¹¡^¡AºÖ©£¤j¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡A1980¦~3¤ë¡Ap.1087~1104

5.         ¯u³¥¶©®ü¡G¡q°j¦Vの»yについて¡r¡A¡m¤j¥¿¤j¾Ç¤j¾Ç°|¬ã¨s½×¶°¡n²Ä4¸¹¡A¤j¥¿¤j¾Ç¤j¾Ç°|¡A¬L©M55¦~3¤ë25¤é¡Ap.1~16

6.          Meiko KAJIHARA¡G¡qOn the Parinamana Chapter of the Bodhicaryavatara¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç¬ã¨s¡n²Ä44¨÷²Ä2¸¹¡]³q¨÷²Ä80¸¹¡^¡A¤é¥»¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥­¦¨4¦~3¤ë¡Ap.1062-1059

7.          ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A²Ä7ª©¡A¥Á°ê81¦~3¤ë

8.          ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡mµØ«B¶°¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê82¦~4¤ëªìª©¡A¦@¤­¥U

9.          ¦L¶¶ªk®v¡G¡m»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡¬°¥Dªº½×®Ñ»P½×®v¤§¬ã¨s¡n¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê81¦~3¤ë7¤é¡A723­¶

10.       ùe¤s¶¯¤@¡G¡q¯ë­Y«ä·Q§Î¦¨¤§¡]7¡^¡B°j¦V¡r¡A¡mÁ¿®y¤j­¼¦ò±Ð2¡n¡A¬K¬îªÀ¡A¬L©M53¦~¡Fº~Ķ¥»¡G³\¬v¥DĶ¡Aªkº¸¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê78¦~1¤ë1¤é

11.       ùe¤s¶¯¤@¡G¡q¡uさとり¡v¡u°j¦V¡v¡r¡AÁ¿½ÍªÀ¡A¬L©M58¦~11¤ë20¤é¡A²Ä¤@¨ê¡A209­¶¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¡@

12.       ®q¸q«p¡G¡qªì´Á¦ò±Ðにおけるûñ¦VÆ[¡r¡A¡m¦L¦ò¬ã¡n²Ä38¨÷²Ä2¸¹¡A¤é¥»¦L«×¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥­¦¨2¦~3¤ë¡Ap.883-881

13.       ¥_¶ð¥úª@¡G¡q¥L¤O¦^¦V¦^¦V¤å¡r¡A¡m¦L«×­õ¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡n±Ð4¸¹¡A¥_®ü¹D¦L«×­õ¾Ç¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡A¥­¦¨¤¸¦~10¤ë¡Ap.263~268

14.       Vijay Nath:¡mDana: Gift system in Ancient India¡n, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1st published in 1987

15.       øD¥°«H¡G¡q©¹ÁÙ¤GºØ¦^¦Vについて¡r¡A¡m¦L¦ò¬ã¡n²Ä36¨÷¡A²Ä2¸¹¡A¬L©M63¦~3¤ë

 

 



[1] ¥­¤t¹ü½s¡AReiyukai¥Xª©¡A¤é¥»¡A1997

[2] Sir M.Monier Williams¡G¡mA Sanskrit-English Dictionary ¡np.591

[3] ¦Pª`1p.528

[4] ¡mBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary¡n, Franklin Edgerton, published by Risen Book Co.¡MJapan, 1985¡Mp.323

[5] ¦õ§U¬OÀH³ßªºÂÂĶ¡A¤£¹L¥ç¦³Ä¶¬°ÄU§U¦p¡m©ñ¥ú¯ë­Y¸g¡nªº¡qÄU§U«~¡r¡]¦è®ÊµLù¤eĶ¡^¡A¡m¹D¦æ¯ë­Y¸g¡nªº¡qâx©M©ëªÙùÄU§U«~¡r¡]«áº~¤ä°ú­{Æ@Ķ¡^

[6] ½_¬z¬ö¤T¡A´¿§Ú³¡¥¿©¯½sĶ¡A®è¦¡·|ªÀ¦L¨ê¡A¬L©M63¦~10¤ë10¤é¦L¨êµo¦æ¡C

[7] °Ñ¦Ò¦L¶¶ªk®vµÛ¡mªÅ¤§±´¨s¡n¡G¯IºnªºªÅ¸q¡A¨ª»Éî䳡¡]tamrasatiya¡^¬O¥R¤Àª`·N¤Fªº¡C¦p¡yµLê¸Ñ¹D¡z©Ò»¡ªº³Ì¤WªÅ¡A³Ó¸qªÅ¡A³£¬O¬ù¯Iºn»¡ªº¡C®ø°£ªÅ¡A©wªÅ¡AÂ_ªÅ¡A¤î·ÀªÅ¡A¥XÂ÷ªÅµ¥¡A©Î²L©Î²`¡A¦Ó³Ì²`¹ýªº¡A¬O¨Ìªüùº~¹D¦Ó¤@¤Á·Ð´oªÅ¡C¯S§O¬O¤î·À¡]patipassaddhi¡^»P¥XÂ÷¡]nissarana¡^¡A´N¬O¡u¨ÌÂ÷¡A¨ÌÂ÷±ý¡A¨Ì¡]¤î¡^·À¡A¦V©ó±Ë¡vªºÂ÷»P·À¡C³o¨Ç¤å¦r¡A³£ªí¥ÜÒç°£·Ð´o¦Ó¥i¥H¦W¬°ªÅªº¡F¤]¥i¥Hªí¥Ü¯Iºn˜K¡C©Ò¥H¥|©À¦íªº¤£²b¡A­W¡AµL±`¡AµL§Ú¡A¤]³QºÙ¬°²bªÅ¡A¼ÖªÅ¡A±`ªÅ¡A§ÚªÅ¤F¡C¤@¤Á·Ð´o·À¢w¢w¤@¤Á·Ð´oªÅ¡A·Ð´oªº§¹¥þ¥XÀJ¡]·À¡AªÅ¡^¡A´N¬O¡u·À¡]¿Í¡^¡A¯Iºn¡v¡A¦p¡yµLê¸Ñ¹D¡zªº¡uÂ÷½×¡v©Ò»¡¡C

³Ì¤WªÅªº¤º®e¡A¡yÂøªü§t¸g¡z¤]¦h³B»¡¨ì¡A¦p»¡¡G¡u¦¹«h±IÀR¡A¦¹«h³Ó§®¡A©Ò¿×±Ë¡AÂ÷¤@¤Á¦³¾l¡]¨Ì¡^¡A·RºÉ¡AµL±ý¡A·ÀºÉ¡A¯Iºn¡v¡]¤j¥¿2¡A220a¡^¡C°£¤F¨÷¤@¡³¡]¦p¤W©Ò¤Þ¡^»¡¨ì¡u¤@¤Á¦æªÅ±I¡v¥~¡A¤@«ß³£Ä¶§@¡u±Ë¡v¡C¯Iºn¡A¦b¡yªü§t¸g¡z¤¤¡A¬O¥H·Ð´oªº·ÀºÉ¡AÄ­³B¡]¨­¤ß¡^·À¦Ó¤£¦A¥Í°_¨Óªí¥Üªº¡A¦p¤õ·À¤@¼Ë¡C¦ý¥H§_©w¡]¾B»º¡^¤è¦¡¨Óªí¥Ü¡A¨Ã¤£µ¥©ó¨S¦³¡Cªí¥Ü¶W¶V¤@¤Áªº¡A¤£¥i«äij©Ê¡A¥i¥H¦³¤T¨Ò¡C¤@¡B¦p¡yÂøªü§t¸g¡z¨÷¤T¥|¡]¤j¥¿¤G¡E¤G¥|¥|¡^»¡¡G¡u¬Æ²`¡A¼s¤j¡AµL¶q¡AµL¼Æ¡A¬Ò±x±I·À¡v¡C¡]p.120¡^

[8] ¨ä¥L¡AÁÙ¦³¤p³¡¸g¨å¡A¡mÆ{±C§Q«~¡n¤¤ªº¡mªÙ§Q¥±¥À°­¨Æ¡n¡B¡mÃøªû°­¨Æ¡n¡B¡mÅv°Ó°­¨Æ¡n¡BSerinipetavatthu¡m¶ë§Q¥§°­¨Æ¡nµ¥¡]Pv.p. 8~42, p.58/º~Ķ«n¶Ç 28¡Ap.15~26, p.48¡^

[9] ¡mSacred Books of the Buddhists Vol. XXXIV¡n, ¡mPeta-Stories¡n, ¡qBald Headed¡r, Translated by U Ba Kyaw, edited and annotated by Peter Masefield, published by The Pali Text Society, London, 1980, 1st¡@ edition, p.52~53:

5.Having clothed him, assign that donation to me (etaj acchadayitvana mama dakkhinaj adisa):have this layfollower clothed with that cloak that was being given to me and assign that donation to me, give (for me) a gift that is assigned. Then I will be happy¡K¡K..

6¡K¡Kassigned the donation to her (tassa dakkhinaj adisuj).

[10] ¡mA Dictionary of the of the Pali Language¡nby Robert Caesar Childers, ¡¨ by Robert Caesar Childers, published by The Rinsen Book Company, Japan :

Patti (f.): ¡Kis sometimes used for the merit, gain, advantage or prospective reward of a good action, and this merit may be transferred by supererogation to another by an exercise of the will.

[11] Translated by W. H. D. Rouse, M.A., published by The Pali Text Society, Oxford, 1995.

[12] Made over (anvadisi): assigned; to show to whom he dedicated it on that occasion¡K(¦Pª`8¡Apg.193) ¡@

[13] ¦L¶¶ªk®vµÛ¡m­ì©l¦ò±Ð¸t¨å¤§¶°¦¨¡np601¡G

¡u¤j¯IºnÄ´³ë¡v¡A¡yÂø¨Æ¡z¦³¦ò¤J¯Iºnªº°O­z¡C±q¦ò¦b¤ýªÙ«°Ra^jagr!ha¬°¦æ«BVars!a$ka^ra»¡¤Cªk¡B¤»ªk°_¡A¸gªi¦\Â÷¤lPa^t!aliputra¡BÏiªÙÂ÷Vais/a^li^¡A¦Ó¦VªiªiPa^va¡A¥½¤F¨ì©ë¤r¨ºKus/inagara¤J¯Iºn14¡C¦ò¤J¯Iºn¨Æ¡A»P¡yªøªü§t¸g¡zªº¡y¹C¦æ¸g¡z¡A¡yªø³¡¡zªº¡y¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g¡z¬Û·í15¡C¥H¤J¯Iºnªº³¡¤À¦ò¶Ç¬°¡uÄ´³ë¡v¡A»P²{¦sªº±ë¥»¡yÄ´³ë¶°¡zDivya$vada^na¬Û¦X¡C¡u«ù«ßªÌ»¡¡v¡A³o¬O»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡«ß®vªº¶Ç»¡¡C

[14] ¡mThe Divyavadana¡nedited by E.B. Cowell, published by Indological Book House, India, 2nd edition 1987.

[15] ¼z»·ªk®v¼¶¡G¡m¤j­¼¸q³¹¡n¨÷9¡E¤j¥¿44. 636c¡G

©Ò¿×µÐ´£°j¦V¬O¡u°j¤w©Ò­×¤@¤Áµ½ªk½ì¨DµÐ´£¤@¤ÁºØ´¼¡v¡F²³¥Í°j¦V¬O¦]´d¤ß¡A²`©À²³¥Í¡A¬G¡u°j¤v©Ò­×¤@¤Áµ½ªkÄ@¥H»P¥L¡v¡F¦Ó¹ê»Ú°j¦V«h¬O¹½¦³¬°¦ÓÄ@¨DµL¬°¡A©Ò¥H¡u¥H¤vµ½®Ú°j¨D¥­µ¥¦p¹êªk©Ê¡v¡C

[16] °Ñ¦Ò¦L¶¶¾É®v¡G¡m¦¨¦ò¤§¹D¡np.76~78¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¤K¤G¦~¤E¤ëªìª©¡C

[17] °Ñ¦Ò¡GVijay Nath:¡mDana: Gift system in Ancient India¡n, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1st published in 1987.

[18] °Ñ¦Ò¡G¦L¶¶¾É®v¡A¡m­ì©l¦ò±Ð¸t¨å¤§¶°¦¨¡np.849~852¡A¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê¤»¤Q¦~¤G¤ëªìª©¡C

[19] ¤£°Ê¦p¨Ó¡×ªüÓK¦òªº²§Ä¶¡C

[20] ¡m¤j­¼°_«H½×¡n¡G²³¥Íªì¾Ç¬Oªk¡A±ý¨D¥¿«H¡A¨ä¤ß©Ä®z¡A¥H¦í©ó¦¹®P±C¥@¬É¡A¦Û¬È¤£¯à±`­È½Ñ¦ò¡A¿Ë©Ó¨Ñ¾i¡AÄ߿׫H¤ßÃø¥i¦¨´N¡A·N±ý°hªÌ¡A·íª¾¦p¨Ó¦³³Ó¤è«KÄáÅ@«H¤ß¡A¿×¥H±M·N©À¦ò¦]½t¡AÀHÄ@±o¥Í¥L¤è¦ò¤g¡A±`¨£©ó¦ò¡A¥ÃÂ÷´c¹D¡C¦p­×¦hù»¡¡G­Y¤H±M©À¦è¤è·¥¼Ö¥@¬ÉªüÀ±ªû¦ò¡A©Ò­×µ½®Ú¡A°j¦VÄ@¨D¥Í©¼¥@¬É¡A§Y±o©¹¥Í¡A±`¨£¦ò¬G¡A²×µL¦³°h¡C(¤j¥¿32. 583a)

[21] ´f±Óªk®v¡A¡u¤ß²b«h¦ò¤g²b¡v¤§¦Ò¹î¡A²Ä¤T©¡¤¤µØ°ê»Ú¦ò¾Ç·|ij¡A¥Á°ê86¦~7¤ë¡C

[22] °Ñ¦Ò¡G¦L¶¶¾É®v¡A¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡np570~576¡Fp1133~1135