• Avíci

One of the eight great purgatories (mahániraya) (J.v.266). It is ten thousand leagues in extent and forms part of a cakkavála (SnA.ii.443).

The Milindapañha (p.5), however, places it outside the sphere of the earth. Spence Hardy (Manual of Buddhism, p.26) mentions a tradition which says that Avíci is seven hundred miles directly under the Bodhi Tree at Gaya. In later books, e.g. the Dhammapada Commentary, it is represented as being under the earth, for we are told that the earth opened wide to allow the flames of Avíci to escape and to drag down sinners into its bowels (E.g., DhA.i.127, 147; iii.181). It seems to have been specially designed for those who had committed very grievous crimes, among whom are

• Devadatta;

• Cunda, the pork butcher;

• Ananda, who raped his cousin the Therí Uppalavanná;

• the ascetic Jambuka, who in a previous birth had insulted an arahant;

• the murderer of the Pacceka Buddha Sunetta;

• Sívalí, who in a former birth had blockaded a city for seven years;

• Suppabuddha, who insulted the Buddha;

• Mallikká, because of her misbehaviour with a dog (she was only there seven days);

• Ciñcá-Mánaviká, because she falsely accused the Buddha;

• and Kapila, brother of Sodhana, for reviling pious monks.

For details and references see under these names; see also Mil.357.

According to Buddhaghosa, Avíci is often called Mahá Niraya (AA.i.376). Descriptions of it are to be found in several places in the four Nikáyas (E.g., M.iii.183; A.i.141-2). It is a quadrangular space, one hundred leagues each way, four-doored, walled all round and above with steel and with floor of incandescent molten steel.

The Dhammapadatthakathá gives a description of the tortures that await the entrant to Avíci. When, for instance, Devadatta entered there, his body became one hundred leagues in height, his head, as far as the outer ear, entered into an iron skull; his feet sank up to the ankles in iron, an iron stake as thick as the trunk of a palmyra tree came from the west wall, pierced the small of his back and, penetrating his breast, entered the east wall. Other similar stakes came from the south and from the north and transfixed him (DhA.i.148).

The fire of Avíci is so powerful that it destroys the eyes of anyone looking at it from a distance of one hundred leagues (A.i.142). It would destroy in a moment a rock as large as a gabled house, yet beings born there remain undestroyed, as though reposing in their mother's womb (DhA.i.127; Mil.67).

Beings born in Avíci suffer for periods of varying lengths; thus, Malliká, Pasenadi's queen, remained only for seven days (DhA.iii.121), while Devadatta is destined to pass there 100,000 kappas (DhA.i.148).

The Sutta Nipata (p.126) gives the names of various specified periods of suffering, which, according to Buddhaghosa (SnA.i.476), are to be spent in Avíci; they are Abbuda, Nirabbuda, Ababa, Ahaha, Atata, Kumuda, Sogandhika, Uppalaka, Pundaríka, and Paduma, taken in a geometrical progression of twenty (i.e. twenty Abbudas=one Nirabbuda, etc.).

Another mode of suffering in Avíci is described as Sarájita (SA.iii.100).

It is noteworthy that the word Avíci occurs only once in the four Nikáyas - namely, in a passage in the Cakkavatti-Síhánáda Sutta of the Digha Nikáya (D.iii.75; repeated in A.i.159) - but in this context there is no indication that the name refers to a purgatory. The word is not found in a list of purgatories given in the Sutta Nipáta (pp.126-31) and in the Samyutta (i.152). It is, however, found in a poem in the Itivuttaka (No. 89) which recurs both in the Vinaya (ii.203) and in the Dhammasangani (Section 1280), and there it is specifically called a niraya.

In the Digha passage mentioned above, the reference to Avíci is in connection with a tremendous growth of population which will occur in Jambudípa in a future age. Houses will be so close that a cock could fly from any one to the next, and one would think it Avíci (avíci maññe).

Rhys Davids suggests (Dial.iii.73, n.1) that the word (which he translates as Waveless Deep) might have been originally used to denote density of population. Buddhaghosa (DA.iii.855) explains it as "nirantara-púrita" perhaps in the sense that it is filled with fire. In the Visuddhi Magga (ii.449) the word appears to be a synonym for jars (disintegration) and is used in connection with the disintegration of earth, water, mountains, sun, moon, etc.

Avíci is often referred to as the lowest point of the universe (Thus, e.g.,Vsm.ii.390, 486; Mbv.57).

The chief suffering endured there is that of heat (MNidA., p.8).