1. Sakka

Almost always spoken of as “devánam indo," chief (or king) of the devas.

The Samyutta Nikáya (S.i.229; DhA.i.264) contains a list of his names:

Sakka rules over Távatimsa devaloka, the lowest heaven but one of the lower plane. His palace is Vejayanta and his chariot bears the same name. Though king of the Távatimsa devas, he is no absolute monarch. He is imagined rather in the likeness of a chieftain of a Kosala clan. The devas meet and deliberate in the Sudhammá sabhá and Sakka consults with them rather than issues them commands. On such occasions, the Four Regent Devas are present in the assembly with their followers of the Cátummahárájika world (See, e.g., D.ii.207f., 220f). Among the Távatimsa devas, Sakka is more or less primus inter pares, yet lie surpasses his companions in ten things: length of life, beauty, happiness, renown, power; and in the degree of his five sense experiences: sight, hearing, smelling, taste and touch. A.iv.242; these are also attributed to the rulers of the other deva worlds.

In the Samyutta Nikáya (S.i.228, 229, 231; cf. Mil. 90; for details of these see Magha) the Buddha gives seven rules of conduct, which rules Sakka carried out as a human being, thus attaining to his celestial sovereignty. When the devas fight the Asuras they do so under the banner and orders of Sakka. For details of Sakka's conquest of the Asuras see Asura. The Asuras called him Jara Sakka (J.i.202). Pajápati, Vamna and Isána are also mentioned as having been associated with him in supreme command (S.i.219).

In the Samyutta Nikáya a whole Samyutta - one of the shortest, consisting of twenty five short suttas -  is devoted to Sakka.

*16 The enemy, in this case, is his father-in law, Vepacitta. Sakka had a reputation for great forbearance. In sutta 22 a Yakkha is said to have come and to have sat on his throne, to anger him. But Sakka showed him great honour and the Yakkha vanished. The Commentary adds (S.A.i.272) that it was no Yakkha, but a Rúpávacara Brahmá, named Kodhabhakkha, who had come to test Sakka's patience.

*17 The story connected with this sutta is that of Sakka, seeing the people of Anga and Magadha make preparations for a great sacrifice to Mahá Brahmá, feels pity for them and comes among them in the guise of Brahmá, advising them to take their offerings to the Buddha and seek his counsel (SA.i.270).

These and other passages show that Sakka was considered by the early Buddhists as a god of high character, kindly and just, but not perfect, and not very intelligent. His imperfections are numerous: in spite of his very great age, (*18) he is still subject to death and rebirth (A.i.144); as an example of this, it is mentioned that Sunetta had thirty five times been reborn as Sakka (A.iv.105), a statement confirmed by the Buddha (A.iv.89). Sakka is not free from the three deadly evils -  lust, ill will, Stupidity (*22); nor is he free from anxiety. He is timid, given to panic, to fright, to running away. (*23)

*18 At J.ii.312, Sakka's life is given as lasting thirty million and sixty times one hundred thousand years.

*22 A.i.144. The story of Rohini shows that Sakka was very susceptible to the charms of beauty. He evidently liked other people to enjoy life and sent a heavenly dancer to amuse Mahápanáda when nobody on earth could accomplish that feat (SNA.ii.400). On another occasion, as Sakka was rejoicing in his triumph over the Asuras, he saw a crane on a hill top who wished to be able to eat fish without going down into the stream. Sakka immediately sent the stream in full flood, to the hill top (J.iii.252).

*23 He is mentioned in the Játakas as frightened of ascetics who practised severe penances, lest they should unseat him from his throne, e.g., J.ii.394; also the stories of Visayha, Lomasakassapa, Kanha, Akitti, Mahá Kańcana and Isisinga.

 

In the Sakkapańha Sutta (q.v.), Sakka is said to have visited the Buddha at Vediyagiri in Ambasandá and to have asked him a series of questions. He sends Pańcasikha with his viná to play and sing to the Buddha and to obtain permission for him (Sakka) to visit him and question him. It was Sakka who had given the Beluvapanduvíná to Pańcasikha (SNA.ii.394).

The Buddha says to himself that Sakka, for a long time past, has led a pure life, and gives him permission to question him on any subject. It is stated in the course of the sutta (D.ii.270) that it was not the first time that Sakka had approached the Buddha for the same purpose. He had gone to him at the Salaghara in Sávatthi, but found him in meditation, with Bhuńjatí, wife of Vessavana, waiting on him. He therefore left with a request to Bhuńjatí to greet the Buddha in his name. He also declares (D.ii.286) that he has become a sotápanna and has earned for himself the right to be reborn eventually in the Akanitthá world, whence he will pass entirely away.

The Commentary says that Sakka was constantly seeing the Buddha and was the most zealous of the devas in the discharge of his duties to the sásana. DA.iii.697. In the sutta Sakka admits (D.ii.284) that he visited other brahmins and recluses as well. They were pleased to see him, and boasted that they had nothing to teach him; but he had to teach them what he knew. But this visit to the Buddha at Vediyagiri had a special object. Sakka saw sips that his life was drawing to an end and was frightened by this knowledge. He therefore went to the Buddha to seek his help. It adds (DA.iii.732; cp. DhA.iii.270) that, as Sakka sat listening to the Buddha, he died in his old life and was reborn a new and young Sakka; only Sakka himself and the Buddha was aware of what had happened. The Commentary continues (DA.iii.740) that Sakka became an "uddham sota," treading the path of Anágámís. As such he will live in Avihá for one thousand kappas, in Atappa for two thousand, in Sudassaná for four thousand, and will end in the Akanittha world, after having enjoyed life in the Brahmaworlds for thirty one thousand kappas.

An account of another interview which Sakka had with the Buddha is given in the Cúlatanhásankhaya Sutta (q.v.). There the question arises regarding the extirpation of cravings. Sakka accepts the Buddha's answer and leaves him. Anxious to discover whether Sakka has understood the Buddha's teaching, Moggallána visits Sakka and questions him. Sakka evades the questions and shows Moggallána the glories of his Vejayanta palace. Moggallána then frightens him by a display of iddhi-power, and Sakka repeats to him, word for word, the Buddha's answer. Moggallána departs satisfied, and Sakka tells his handmaidens that Moggallána is a "fellow of his" in the higher life, meaning, probably, that he himself is a sotápanna and therefore a kinsman of the arahant.

In a passage in the Samyutta (S.i.201) Sakka is represented as descending from heaven to make an enquiry about Nibbána, and in another (S.iv.269f.), as listening, in heaven, to Moggallána’s exposition of the simplest duties of a good layman. On another occasion, at Vessavana's suggestion, Sakka visited Uttara Thera on the Sankheyyaka Mountain and listened to a sermon by him (A.iv.163f.). See also Sakka Sutta (2) and (3).

The later books contain a good deal of additional information regarding Sakka. His city extends for one thousand leagues, and its golden streets are sixty leagues long; his palace Vejayanta is one thousand leagues high; the Sudhammá hall covers five hundred leagues, his throne of yellow marble (Pandukambalasilásana) is sixty leagues in extent, his white umbrella with its golden wreath is five leagues in circumference, and he himself is accompanied by a glorious array of twenty five million nymphs (J.v.386). Other features of his heaven are the Páricchattaka tree, the Nandá pokkharaní and the Cittalatávana (DA.iii.716; See also Távatimsa). His body is three gavutas in height (DhA.iii.269); his chief conveyance is the marvellous elephant Erávana (q.v.), but he goes to war in the Velayanta ratha (q.v.). Reference is often made to his throne, the Pandukambalasilásana (q.v.), composed of yellow stone. It grows hot when Sakka's life draws towards its end; or his merit is exhausted; or when some mighty being prays; or, again, through the efficacy of virtue in recluses or brahmins or other beings, full of potency. J.iv.8; when the Buddha, however, sat on it, he was able to conceal it in his robe (DhA.iii.218).

Sakka's devotion to the Buddha and his religion is proverbial. When the Bodhisatta cut off his hair and threw it into the sky, Sakka took it and deposited it in the Cúlámani cetiya (J.i.65). He was present near the Bodhi tree, blowing his Vijayuttara sankha (q.v.), when Mára arrived to prevent the Buddha from reaching Enlightenment (J.i.72). When the Buddha accepted Bimbisára's invitation to dine in his palace, Sakka, in the guise of a young man, preceded the Buddha and his monks along the street to the palace, singing the Buddha's praises (Vin.i.38). When the Buddha performed his Yamaka pátiháríya at the foot of the Gandamba, it was Sakka who built for him a pavilion, and gave orders to the gods of the Wind and the Sun to uproot the pavilions of the heretics and cause them great discomfort (DhA.iii.206, 208). When the Buddha returned to Sankassa from Távatimsa, whither he went after performing the Twin Miracle, Sakka created three ladders -  of gold, of silver, and of jewels respectively -  for the Buddha and his retinue (DhA.iii.225).

Sakka was present at Vesáli when the Buddha visited that city in order to rid it of its plagues. His presence drove away the evil spirits, and the Buddha's task was thus made easier (DhA.iii.441). When the Buddha and his monks wished to journey one hundred leagues, to visit Culla Subhaddá at Uggapura, Sakka, with the aid of Vissakamma, provided them with pavilions (kútágára) in which they might travel by air (DhA.iii.470). Once, when the ponds in Jetavana were quite dry, the Buddha wished to bathe and Sakka immediately caused rain to fall and the ponds were filled (J.i.330). In Sakka's aspect as Vajirapáni (q.v.) he protected the Buddha from the insults of those who came to question him. See also the story of Cińcá mánaviká, when Sakka protected the Buddha from her charges. Sakka also regarded it as his business to protect the Buddha's followers, as is shown by the manner in which he came to the rescue of the four seven year old novices -  Sankicca, Pandita, Sopáka and Revata -  when they were made to go hungry by a brahmin and his wife (DhA.iv.176f.).

During the Buddha's last illness, Sakka ministered to him, performing the most menial tasks, such as carrying the vessel of excrement. DhA.iv.269f. He did the same for other holy men -  e.g., Sáriputta. Sakka also waited on the Buddha when he was in Gayásísa for the conversion of the Tebhátikajatilas (Vin.i.28f.); see also the story of Jambuka (DhA.ii.59). The Udána (iii.7) contains a story of Sakka assuming the guise of a poor weaver and Sujá that of his wife, in order to give alms to Mahá Kassapa who had just risen from a trance. They succeeded in their ruse, to the great joy of Sakka (cp. DhA.i.424f). On other occasions - e.g., in the case of Maháduggata   Sakka helped poor men to gain merit by providing them with the means for giving alms to the Buddha (DhA.ii.135ff.).

He was present at the Buddha's death, and uttered, in verse, a simple lament, very different from the studied verses ascribed to Brahmá. (D.ii.157; on the importance of this verse, however, see Dial.ii.176, n.1). At the distribution, by Dona, of the Buddha's relics, Sakka saw Dona hide the Buddha's right tooth in his turban. Realizing that Dona was incapable of rendering adequate honour to the relic, Sakka took the relic and deposited it in the Cúlámanicetiya (DA.ii.609). And when Ajátasattu was making arrangements to deposit his share of the relics, Sakka gave orders to Vissakamma to set up a válasanghátayanta for their protection (DA.ii.613).

Sakka did all in his power to help followers of the Buddha in their strivings for the attainment of the goal, as in the case of Panditasámanera, when he sent the Four Regent Gods to drive away the birds, made the Moon deity shroud the moon, and himself stood guard at the door of Pandita's cell, lest he should be disturbed. (DhA.ii.143; cf. the story of Sukha DhA.iii.96f.). Often, when a monk achieved his ambition, Sakka was there to express his joy and do him honour. See, e.g., the story of Maháphussa (SNA.i.55f.).

He was ready to help, not only monks and nuns, but also eminent laymen, such as Jotika for whom he built a palace of wondrous splendour, and provided it with every luxury (DhA.iv. 207f). Sakka was always ready to come to the rescue of the good when in distress -  e.g., in the case of Cakkhupála when he became blind; Sakka led him by the hand and took him to Sávatthi. DhA.i.14f. Many instances are found in the Játaka where Sakka rescued the good in distress -  e.g., Dhammaddhaja, Guttila, Kaccáni, the Kinnarí Candá, Sambulá, Kusa, Mahájanaka's mother, Candakumára's mother, Candá, and Mahosadha.

He loved to test the goodness of men, as in the case of the leper Suppabuddha, to see if their faith was genuine. DhA.ii.34f.; see also the story of the courtesan in the Kurudhamma Játaka (J.ii.380).

The Játaka contains several stories of his helping holy men by providing them with hermitages, etc. -  e.g., Kuddála pandita, Hatthipála, Ayoghara, Jotipála (Sarabhanga), Sutasoma, Dukúlaka, Páriká and Vessantara. Sometimes, when he found that ascetics were not diligently practising their duties, he would frighten them -  e.g., in the Vighása and Somadatta Játakas. The Anguttara Nikáya (iii.370f ) contains a story of Sakka punishing a deva called Supatittha, who lived in a banyan tree, because he failed to keep the rukkhadhamma.

Sakka appears as the guardian of moral law in the world. When wickedness is rampant among men, or kings become unrighteous, he appears among them to frighten them so that they may do good instead evil. He is on the side of the good against the wicked, and often helps them to realize their goal. Instances of this are seen in the Ambacora, Ayakúta, Udaya, Kaccáni, Káma, Kámaníta, Kumbha, Kelisíla, Kharaputta, Culladhanuggaha, Dhajavihetha, Bilárikosiya, Manícora, Mahákanha, Vaka, Sarabhanga, Sarabhamiga and Sudhábhojana Játakas. Sakka patronised good men; some of the more eminent he invited to his heaven, sending his charioteer Matali to fetch them, and he showed them all honour -  e.g., Guttila, Mandhátá, Sádhina, and Nimi; others he rewarded suitably -  see, e.g., the Uraga Játaka.

The lesser gods consulted Sakka in their difficulties and problems e.g., in the case of the deity of Anáthapindika’s fourth gateway, who incurred the displeasure of Anáthapindika by advising him to refrain from too much generosity towards the Buddha and his monks (J.i.229). Sakka has also to deal with disputes arising among the devas themselves (DA.iii.705). On several occasions Sakka helped the Bodhisatta in the practice of his Perfections   e.g., as King Sivi, Temiya, Nimi and Vessantara, also in his birth as a hare; in this last story, the Sasa Játaka (q.v.), Sakka paints the picture of a hare in the moon to commemorate the Bodhisatta's sacrifice.

Sakka sometimes answers the prayers of good and barren women and gives them sons -  e.g., Sumedhá, Sílavatí, Candádeví. Mention is also made of other boons granted by Sakka to various persons. Thus in the Mahásuka Játaka he visited the parrot who clung to the dead stump of a tree through gratitude, and granted him the boon that the tree should once more become fruitful (J.iii.493). He granted four boons to Kanha, that he might be calm, bear no malice or hatred against his neighbour, feel no greed for others' glory, and no lust towards his neighbour (J.iv.10). To Akitti he granted several boons, the last of which was that he should have no more visits from Sakka! (J.iv.240f). When Sivi became blind, Sakka gave him two eyes; these were not natural eyes, but the eyes of Truth, Absolute and Perfect (saccapáramitá cakkhuní). Sakka confesses that he has not the power of restoring sight; it was the virtue of Sivi himself which had that power (J.iv.410f). When Sílavatí wished for a boon, Sakka, took her to heaven, where he kept her for seven days; then he granted that she should have two sons, one wise and ugly and the other a fool and handsome. He also presented her with a piece of kusa grass, a heavenly robe, a piece of sandalwood, the flower of the Páricchattaka tree and a Kokanda lute. All this passed into the possession of Kusa, and, later, Sakka gave him the Verocana jewel (J.v.280f., 310). He gave Phusatí, mother of Vessantara, ten boons (J.vi.481f) and to Vessantara himself he gave eight (J.vi.572).

In the Sarabhanga Játaka (J.v.392) mention is made of four daughters of Sakka -  Ásá, Saddhá, Hirí and Sirí. His wife, Sujá, accompanied him everywhere on his travels (E.g., J.iii.491), even into the world of men, because that was the boon she had asked for on her marriage to him (DhA.i.279). Vessavana was Sakka's special friend (MA.i.476f), and when one Vessavana died, it was Sakka's duty to appoint a successor (J.i.328). Matáli (q.v.) is Sakka's charioteer and constant companion. Vissakamma (q.v.) is his "handy man." Sakka has twenty five million handmaids and five hundred dove-footed nymphs (kakutapádiniyo), famed for their beauty. It was the sight of these which tempted the Buddha's step brother, Nanda, to give up thoughts of Janapadakalyání Nandá (J.ii.93). Sakka's special weapon is the Vajirávudha and his special drum the Álambara (q.v.).

His voice is sweet, like the tintinnabulation of golden bells (SA.i.273).

It is Sakka's special duty to protect the religion of the Buddha in Ceylon. As the Buddha lay dying, he enjoined on Sakka the task of looking after Vijaya and his successors. This duty Sakka, in turn, entrusted to the god Uppalavanna (Mhv.vii.1ff). Sakka informed Mahinda of the right moment for his visit to Ceylon (Mhv.xiii.15). When Devánampiyatissa wished for relics to place in the Thúpáráma Thúpa, Sumana sámanera visited Sakka and obtained from him the right collar bone of the Buddha, which Sakka had placed in the Culámani cetiya (Mhv.xvii.9ff). Again, when Dutthagámaní was in need of building materials for the Mahá Thúpa, it was Sakka who supplied them (Mhv.xxviii.6ff). On the occasion of the enshrining of the relics in the Mahá Thúpa, Sakka gave orders to Vissakamma to decorate the whole of Ceylon. He also provided the throne and casket of gold for the relics brought from the Nágá world by Sonuttara and was himself present at the festival, blowing his conch shell. (Mhv.xxxi.34, 75, 78)

Other Cakkaválas have also their Sakka (ańńehi Cakkaválehi Sakká ágacchanti; J.i.203.), and in one place (J.i.204) mention is made of many thousands of Sakkas.

It is evident from the foregoing account that, as Rhys Davids suggests (Dial.ii.297f), Sakka and Indra are independent conceptions. None of the personal characteristics of Sakka resemble those of Indra. Some epithets are identical but are evidently borrowed, though they are differently explained. The conception of the popular god which appealed to a more barbarous age and to the clans fighting their way into a new country, seems to have been softened and refined in order to meet the ideals of a more cultured and peaceful civilization. The old name no longer fitted the new god, and, as time went on, Sakka came to be regarded as an entirely separate god.

2. Sakka. A Yakkha. See Sakka Sutta (1).

3. Sakka. Another form of Sákya (q.v.). E.g., A.iv.195; v.334.

Sakka Samyutta. The eleventh section of the Samyutta Nikáya (S.i.216 42). It contains twenty five short discourses connected with Sakka (q.v.).

1. Sakka Sutta. A Yakkha visits the Buddha at Gijjhakúta and tells him that he should not spend his time teaching others. The Buddha answers that he does it out of sympathy and compassion (S.i.206).

The Commentary adds (SA.i.232) that this Sakka was a Yakkha belonging to Mára's faction. (Márapakkhiko).

2. Sakka Sutta.  Sakka, king of the devas, visits the Buddha at Gíjjhakúta and asks him why only some beings are fully set free in this life. Because of grasping, answers the Buddha. S.iv.101.

3. Sakka Sutta. A series of four conversations which Sakka and his retinue had with Moggallána, at Jetavana, on various simple topics, such as taking refuge in the Buddha, having unwavering faith in him, etc. S.iv.269ff.

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