Index

Lesson XIV

Participles

In Pàë there are six kinds of Participles -viz :

(i) Present Active participles,
(ii) Present Passive Participles,
(iii) Past Indeclinable Participles,*
(iv) Past Active Participles,
(v) Past Passive Participles, and
(vi) Potential Participles

* These have been already dealt with in lesson VIII - B. See Table in lesson VI - B

i. The Present Active Participles are formed by adding " anta " and " màna " to the root; e.g:,

paca

+ anta

= pacanta;

 

paca

+ màna

= pacamàna,

cooking.

ii. The Present Passive Participles are formed by adding the Passive suffix "ya " between the root and the suffix " màna ". If the ending of the root is " a " or " à ", it is changed into " i " , e.g.,

paca + ya + màna = pacãyamàna, being cooked;
så + ya + màna = såyamàna, being heard.

Generally these suffixes are added to the forms the roots assume before the third person plural terminations of the present tense.

These participles are inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify, in gender, number and case. They are also used when contemporaneity of action is to be indicated. The sense of the English words 'as, since, while, whilst' may be expressed by them.

Declension of pacanta in the masculine

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Nom.

pacaü, pacanto

pacanto, pacantà

Voc.

pacaü, paca, pacà

pacanto, pacantà

Acc.

pacantaü

pacante

Instr.

pacatà, pacantena

pacantebhi, pacantehi

Abl.

pacatà, pacantamhà pacantasmà

pacantebhi, pacantehi

Dat., Gen

pacato, pacantassa

pacataü, pacantànaü

Loc.

pacati, pacante, pacantamhi, pacantasmiü

pacantesu

 

Feminine

The feminine is formed by adding the suffix " ã ", as

pacanta + ã = pacantã, and is declined like feminine nouns ending in " ã " (See lesson X.)

Neuter

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Nom., Voc

pacaü,

pacantà, pacantàni

Acc.

pacantaü

pacante, pacantàni

The rest like the masculine.

The Present Participles ending in " màna " are declined like " nara ", " ka¤¤à " and " phala "; as pacamàno (m.) pacamànà (f.) and pacamànaü (n.)

Illustrations :

gacchanto puriso,

going man, or the man who is going.

gacchantassa purisassa,

to the man who is going.

paccantã (or) pacamànà itthã,

the woman who is cooking.

so vadamàno gacchati,

he goes speaking.

patamànaü phalaü,

the falling fruit.

rakkhãyamànaü nagaraü,

the city that is being protected.

Ahaü magge gacchanto taü purisaü passiü,

I saw that man while I was going on the way.

(iv), (v) The Past Active and Passive participles are formed by adding the suffix " ta ", or " na " after " d " etc. to the root or stem. If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i ".

Examples :-

¤à

+ ta

= ¤àta,

known

su

+ ta

= suta,

heard

paca

+ ta

= pacita,

cooked

rakkha

+ ta

= rakkhita,

protected

chidi

+na

= chinna,

cut

bhidi

+ na

= bhinna,

broken

These are also inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and case. They are frequently used to supply the place of verbs, sometimes in conjunction with the auxiliaries " asa " and " hu " to be.

Illustrations :

So gato,

he went or he is gone. (Here hoti is under-stood.)

òhito naro,

the man who stood.

òhitassa narassa,

to the man who stood or to the man standing.

òhitàya nàriyà,

to the woman who stood.

Buddhena desito dhammo,

the Doctrine preached by the Buddha.

Sissehi pucchitassa pa¤hassa,

to the question asked by the pupils.

(vi) The Potential Participles are formed by adding the suffix " tabba " to the root or stem with or without. If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i ".

Examples :-

Dà

+ tabba

= dàtabba,

should or must be given.

¤à

+ tabba

= ¤àtabba,

should be known.

paca

+ tabba

= pacitabba,

should be cooked.

These participles too agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and case. The agent is put in the Instrumental.

Illustrations :

Janako vanditabbo,

the father should be saluted.

Jananã rakkhitabbà,

the mother should be protected.

Cittaü rakkhitabbaü,

the mind should be guarded.

Tayà gantabbaü,

you should go.

Sàvakehi dhammo sotabbo,

the Doctrine should be heard by the disciples.

Examples :-

Root

present Act. Participle

Present Pass. Part.

Past Part.

Potential Part.

dà

denta

dãyamana

dinna

dàtabba

disa*

desenta, desamàna

desãyamàna

desita

desetabba

 

passanta, passamàna

passiyamàna

diññha

passitabba

bhuja

bhu¤janta, bhu¤jamàna

bhu¤jãyamàna

bhutta

bhu¤jitabba

gamu

gacchanta, gacchamàna

gacchãyamàna

gata

gantabba

gaha

gaõhanta, gaõhamàna

gayhamàna

gahita

gahetabba

kara

karonta, kurumàna

kayiramàna, karãyamàna

kata

kattabba, kàtabba

pà

pibanta, pivanta pibamàna, pivamàna

pãyamàna

pãta

pàtabba

su

suõanta, suõamàna

såyamàna

suta

sotabba, suõitabba

* disa, (i) to preach; (ii) to see. Desenta, preaching; Passanta, seeing

Words :

Atthi

v.

is, there is

Aviheñhayanta

p.

part. a + vi + heñha, not hurting

Bhåta

n.

being

Carati

v.

(cara) wanders

Khaggavisàõakappa

m.

like a rhinoceros

Nidhàya

ind.

p. p. ni + dhà, having left aside

Pema

m.

attachment, love

Sahàya

m.

friend

Taõhà

f.

craving

Upasaïkamati

v.

(kamu with upa + saü) approaches

Exercise xiv

A

  1. " Evaü me sutaü. "
  2. Mayi gate* so àgato.
  3. Kiü tena kataü?
  4. So tassa vaõõaü bhaõamàno maü upasaükami.
  5. Ahaü magge gacchanto tasmiü rukkhe nisinnaü sakuõaü passiü.
  6. Bhikkhåhi lokassa dhammo desetabbo.
  7. Pu¤¤aü kattabbaü, pàpaü na kàtabbaü.
  8. Ajja etena maggena mayà gantabbaü.
  9. Sabbà itthiyo dhammaü sunantiyo etàya sàlàya nisãdiüsu.
  10. Paõóità yaü yaü desaü bhajanti tattha tatth'eva påjità honti.
  11. Buddhena bujjhitàni saccàni mayà'pi bujjhitabbàni.
  12. Paraü lokaü gacchante tayà kataü pu¤¤aü và pàpaü và tayà saddhiü gacchati.
  13. òhito và nisinno và gacchanto và sayanto (or sayàno) và ahaü sabbesu sattesu mettaü karomi.
  14. Vejjasàlàya vasantànaü gilànànaü pure osadhaü dàtabbaü, pacchà aparesaü dàtabbaü.
  15. Kiü nu kattabban'ti ajànantà te mama purato aññhaüsu.
  16. " Pemato** jàyati soko - pemato jàyati bhayaü;
    Pemato vippamuttassa - n'atthi soko kuto bhayaü. "
  17. " Taõhàya jàyati soko - taõhàya jàyati bhayaü;
    Taõhàya vippamuttassa - n'atthi soko kuto bhayaü. "
  18. Ekasmiü samaye a¤¤ataro devo rattiyaü Buddhaü upasaïkamitvà saddhàya vanditvà bhåmiyaü aññhàsi. òhito so devo Buddhaü ekaü pa¤haü pucchi. Pucchantassa devassa Buddho evaü dhammaü desesi.
  19. Te gaïgàyaü nahàyante mayaü passimhà.
  20. " Sabbesu bhåtesu nidhàya daõóaü
    Aviheñhayaü a¤¤ataram'pi tesaü
    Na puttam'iccheyya kuto sahàyaü
    Eko care Khaggavisàõakappo. "

* This is the Locative absolute.

** " To " is another suffix for forming the ablative.

 

B

  1. This wad done by you.
  2. The branch was cut by him.
  3. I saw a man going in the street.
  4. She stood saluting the sage.
  5. I came home when he had gone to school.
  6. The monkeys ate the fallen fruits.
  7. They saw her sitting in the hall.
  8. You should not bathe in the river.
  9. Let him do what should be done.
  10. Thus should it be understood by you.
  11. The books written by me should not be given to them.
  12. My friends saw the jewel that was thrown into the fire.
  13. I sat on the ground listening to the doctrine preached by the monks.
  14. The virtuous should do much merit.
  15. The people saw the sick persons drinking medicine given by the physician.