Lesson XXII
Taddhita
- Nominal DerivativesWords formed by adding suffixes to the bases of substantives, primary or derived from roots, adjectives, etc. are called Taddhita.
Some of these derivatives are treated as nouns and adjectives and are declined accordingly. A few others are treated as indeclinables.
There are many such suffixes which are used in various senses. The following are the principal ones of these :-
1. " A " is used to signify possession, pedigree, etc.
In this case the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
|
Pa中à |
+ a |
= pa中a (m. Nom. Sing. pa中o), he who has wisdom, or wise. |
|
Saddhà |
+ a |
= saddha (m. Nom. Sing. saddho), he who has faith, or faithful; devotional. |
|
Vasiññh |
+ a |
= Vàsiññha -vàsiññho, son of Vasiññha; vàsiññhã, daughter of Vasiññha; vàsiññhaü, Vasiññha clan. |
2. " Ika "
* is used to signify 'pertaining to', 'mixed with', 'crossing', 'versed in', 'engaged in', etc.In this case too the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
|
Dhamma |
+ ika |
= dhammika, |
righteous. |
|
Kàyà |
+ ika |
= kàyika, |
bodily |
|
Nagara |
+ ika |
= nàgarika, |
pertaining to the city, i.e., urban. |
|
Loka |
+ ika |
= lokika, |
worldly |
|
Loõa |
+ ika |
= loõika, |
mixed with salt |
|
Nàvà |
+ ika |
= nàvika, |
navigator, he who crosses in a ship |
|
Magga |
+ ika |
= maggika, |
traveller |
|
Vinaya |
+ ika |
= venayika, |
he who studies vinaya |
|
Bhaõóàgàra |
+ ika |
= bhaõóàgàrika, |
treasurer |
*
English-ish and ic, as in hellish or heroic.3. " Ima " and " iya " are also used to signify 'pertaining to '.
Examples :-
|
Anta |
+ ima |
= antima, |
last |
|
Majjha |
+ ima |
= majjhima, |
middle, central |
|
Loka |
+ iya |
= lokiya, |
worldly |
4. " I ", " ika ", " ima ", " mantu ", " vantu ", and " vã " are used to signify possession.
Examples :-
|
Daõóa |
+ ã |
= daõóã, |
he who has a stick |
|
Chatta |
+ ã |
= chattã, |
he who has an umbrella |
|
Putta |
+ ika |
= puttika, |
he who has sons |
|
Daõóa |
+ ika |
= daõóika, |
he who has a stick |
|
Putta |
+ ima |
= puttima, |
he who has sons |
|
Dhiti |
+ mantu |
= dhitimantu, |
courageous |
|
Bandhu |
+ mantu |
= bandhumantu, |
he who has relatives |
|
Guõa |
+ vantu |
= guõavantu, |
virtuous |
|
Medhà |
+ vã |
= medhàvã, |
he who has wisdom |
5. "Maya " is used in the sense of 'made of'.
Examples :-
|
Aya |
+ maya |
= ayomaya, |
made of iron |
|
Dàru |
+ maya |
= dàrumaya, |
wooden |
|
Mana |
+ maya |
= manomaya, * |
mental |
|
Rajata |
+ maya |
= rajatamaya, |
made of silver |
|
Suvaõõa |
+ maya |
= suvaõõamaya, or sovaõõamaya, |
golden |
*
Mana and other words similarly declined, when combined with another word or with the suffix maya, change their final vowel " a " into " o ". See lesson XIX.6. " Tà " is used ta signify collection, state, or quality. The derivatives thus formed are always in the feminine.
Examples :-
|
Gàma |
+ tà |
= gàmatà, |
collection of villages |
|
Jana |
+ tà |
= janatà, |
multitude |
|
Bàla |
+ tà |
= bàlatà, |
ignorance, childhood |
|
Dhamma |
+ tà |
= dhammatà, |
state of things, nature |
|
Manussa |
+ tà |
= manussatà, |
manhood |
7. " Tta
* " and " ya " are also used to signify state or quality.** The derivatives thus formed are in the neuter.In the case of " ya " the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
|
Aroga |
+ ya |
= àrogya, |
health, freedom from disease |
|
Bàla |
+ ya |
= bàlya, |
ignorance, childhood |
|
|
+ tta |
= bàlatta, |
ignorance |
|
Manussa |
+ tta |
= manussatta; |
manhood |
|
Nãla |
+ tta |
= nãlatta, |
blueness |
|
Paõóita |
+ ya |
= Pàõóitya, and Paõóicca, |
wisdom |
*
Saüskrt, tvam; English "dom", Kingdom.**
Sometimes the word " bhàva ", which means nature or state, is combined with other words to express state or quality, e.g., purisabhàva, manhood; itthibhàva, womanhood, etc.8. " Tara " and " iya " are used to express the comparative degree, and " tama " and " iññha ", the superlative degree.
Examples :-
|
POSITIVE |
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
|
Bàla , young, ignorant |
bàlatara |
balatama |
|
Dhamma, religious, righteous |
dhammiya |
dhammiññha |
|
Guõa , virtuous |
guõiya |
guõiññha |
|
Medha , wise |
medhiya |
medhiññha |
|
Paõãta , noble |
paõãtatara |
paõãtatama |
|
Pàpa , evil |
pàpatara, pàpiya |
pàpatama, pàpiññha |
|
Appa , little, few |
appatara |
appatama |
|
Appa |
kaniya, younger |
kaniññha, youngest |
|
Pasattha , good |
seyya, better |
seññha, best |
|
Vuddha , old |
jeyya |
jeññha |
9. " Ka " is, affixed to numerals to denote a group.
Examples :-
|
Eka |
+ ka |
= ekaka, |
one-group; unit; groups of singles |
|
Dvi |
+ ka |
= dvika, |
two-group; dyad ; twofold group |
|
Catu |
+ ka |
= catukka, |
four-group; tetrad ; threefold group |
These derivatives take either the masculine or the neuter.
10. " Kkhattuü " is affixed to numerals to denote the number of times.
Examples :-
|
Eka |
+ kkhattuü |
= ekakkhattuü, |
once |
|
Dvi |
+ kkhattuü |
= dvikkhattuü, |
twice |
11. " Dhà " is affixed to numerals, " so " and " thà " to others, to form distributive adverbs.
Examples :-
|
Eka |
+ dhà |
= ekadhà, |
in one way |
|
Pa勺a |
+ dhà |
= pa勺adhà, |
in five ways, fivefold |
|
Bahu |
+ dhà |
= bahudhà, |
in many ways, manifold |
|
Attha |
+ so |
= atthaso, |
according to the meaning |
|
Sabba |
+ so |
= sabbaso, |
in every way |
|
A中a |
+ thà |
= a中athà, |
in another way, differently |
|
Sabba |
+ thà |
= sabbathà, |
in every way |
These last two classes of derivatives are treated as declinables.
It should be understood that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by prefixing ati, and atãva or ativiya to the positive respectively.
Exercise xxii
A
B
*
Use the Ablative case.