Index

Lesson XXIII

Kitaka - Verbal Derivatives

Words formed by adding suffixes to verbal roots are called kitaka.

There are several such suffixes which are used in various senses.

A few of the important ones are given below:

1. " A " is affixed to roots to form masculine abstract nouns, to denote agent, instrument, etc. The initial vowel undergoes vuddhi substitute.

Examples :-

Bhå

+ a

= bhava,

becoming, existence

 

 

= bhava,

nature, condition

Budha

+ a

= bodha,

understanding

Dusa

+ a

= dosa,

anger, hatred

Ji

+ a

= jaya,

victory

Khã

+ a

= khaya,

destruction

Lubha

+ a

= lobha,

covetousness, greed, lust

Muha

+ a

= moha,

ignorance, delusion

Pata

+ a

= pàta,

fall

Pada

+ a

= pàda,

foot (by which one walks)

Ruja

+ a

= roga,

disease

2. " A " is also affixed to roots when the words forming their objects are prefixed to them.

The verbal derivative thus formed is afterwards compounded with the preceding word. The initial vowel of the root sometimes undergoes vuddhi substitute.

Examples :-

Annaü

+ dà

+ a

= annada,

giver of food

Balaü

+ dà

+ a

= balada,

strength-giver

Dhammaü

+ dhara

+ a

= dhammadhara,

one versed in the Doctrine

Dinaü

+ kara

+ a

= dinakara,

maker of the day, (sun)

Kumbhaü

+ kara

+ a

= kumbhakàra,

potter

Rathaü

+ kara

+ a

= rathakàra,

coach-builder

Màlà

+ kara

+ a

= màlàkàra,

garland-maker

3. " A " is also added to roots when words other than their objects are prefixed to them. Sometimes the final syllable is dropped.

Examples :-

Pàdena

+ pà

+ a

= pàdapa,

tree (lit. drinking with the foot).

Bhujena

+ gamu

+ a

= bhujaga,

snake (lit. going zigzag).

Kammato

+ jana

+ a

= kammaja,

action-born

Vane

+ cara

+ a

= vanacara,

forest-wanderer

Vàrimhi

+ jana

+ a

= vàrija,

water-born, aquatic

4. In the case of " aka " the initial vowel of the root frequently undergoes vuddhi substitute, and monosyllabic roots ending in " a " take an augment " y ", and those ending in " i ", and " u " change into aya and ava respectively before the suffix.

" Aka " and " tu " are affixed to roots to denote the agent of the action.

In the case of " tu " the initial vowel of monosyllabic roots undergoes viuddhi substitute and the final syllable of others are sometimes changed into " t ".

Examples :-

Dà

+ aka

= dàyaka,

giver, supporter

Ni

+ aka

= nàyaka,

leader

Sa

+ aka

= sàvaka,

hearer, disciple

Bhuji

+ aka

= bhojaka,

eater

Gamu

+ aka

= gamaka,

goer

Jana

+ aka

= Janaka,

father (producer)

Kara

+ aka

= kàraka,

doer

Dà

+ tu

= dàtu,

giver

Ni

+ tu

= netu,

leader

Su

+ tu

= sotu,

hearer

¥à

+ tu

= ¤àtu,

knower

Bhara

+ tu

= bhattu,

husband (supporter)

Gamu

+ tu

= gantu,*

goer

Kara

+ tu

= kattu,

doer

Vàcà

+ tu

= vattu,

speaker

* Here " m " is changed into " n ".

5. " Ana " and " ti " are affixed to roots to form neuter and feminine abstract nouns respectively.

Examples :-

Dà

+ ana

= dàna,

giving, alms

Nã

+ ana

= nayana,

leading

Su

+ ana

= savana,

hearing

Gamu

+ ana

= gamana,

going

Kara

+ aõa

= karaõa,

oing

Mara (to die)

+ ana

= maraõana,

death, dying

Before " ti " sometimes the final syllable of the root is dropped, and at times it is changed into " t ".

Gamu

+ ti

= gati,

gait, condition of birth

Gã (to soing)

+ ti

= gãti,

song

Muca

+ ti

= mutti,

release

Pà

+ ti

= pãti,

drinking

Ramu (to sport)

+ ti

= rati,

sport, attachment

Sara
(to remember)

+ ti

= sati,

recollection, memory

Su

+ ti

= suti,

hearing

òhà

+ ti

= ñhiti,

state

Thu (to praise)

+ ti

= thuti,

praise

6. " Anãya " and " ya " are affixed to roots in the sense of ought to be, fit to be, fit for, worthy of. If the root ends in " a " and " à ", the suffix " ya " is changed into " eyya ".

Examples :-

Kara

+ anãya

= karaõãya,*

ought to be done

Pà

+ anãya

= pànãya,

fit to be drunk, (water)

Påja

+ anãya

= påjanãya,

worthy of offering

Su

+ anãya

= savanãya,

fit to be heard

Dà

+ ya + eyya

= deyya,

fit to be given

Gàha

+ ya

= (gahya, becomes) gayha,

fit to be taken

¥à

+ya + eyya

= ¤eyya,

ought to be known, should be understood

Pà

+ ya + eyya

= peyya,

ought to be drunk, drinkable

* After " r " the dental " n " is changed into cerebral " õ ".

Some irregular forms:-

Bhuji

+ ya

= bhojja,

fit to be eaten, edible

Mada

+ ya

= majja,

fit for intoxication, intoxicating

Khàda

+ ya

= khajja,

edible

Garaha

+ ya

= gàrayha,

blamable

Vada

+ ya

= vajja,

fit to be said, (fault)

Yuja

+ ya

= yogga,

suitable

7. " I " and " ana " are affixed to roots in the sense of disposed to, in the habit of. The initial vowel undergoes vuddhi substitute.

Examples :-

Brahmaü cara

+ ã

= brahmacàrã,

one who is in the habit of leading a noble life (celibate).

Dhammaü vada

+ ã

= dhammavàdã

, one who is in the habit of expounding the Doctrine.

Saccaü vada

+ ã

= saccavàdã,

one who is disposed o speak the truth, truthful.

Sàdhu sãla

+ ã

= sàdhusàlã,

good-natured one

Pàpa kara

+ ã

= pàpakàrã,

evil-doer, one who is disposed to evil

Kudha

+ ana

= kodhana,

disposed to anger, angry

Bhàsa

+ ana

= bhàsana,

garrulous

Ghusa

+ ana

= ghosana,

sounding, noisy

Kampa

+ ana

= kampana,

shaky

8. The infinitives, which are also treated as verbal derivatives formed by adding " tuü " to the roots, are compounded with " kama " in the sense of 'desirous of ', 'wishing' by dropping their niggahita.

The Desideratives thus formed are declined like compound words.

Examples :-

Bhu¤jituü kàma

= bhu¤jitukàma,

wishing to eat

 

bhu¤jitukàmena,

by one who wishes to eat

 

bhu¤jitukàmassa,

to one who wishes to eat

Gantuü kàma

= gantukàma,

desirous of going, wishing to go

Pacituü kàma

= pacitukàma,

wishing to cook

Kàtuü kàma

= kattukàma,

wishing to do

It should be understood that infinitives and all kinds of participles which have already been dealt with, are also treated as kitakas.

Exercise xxiii

A

  1. " Kiü dado balado hoti - kiü dado hoti vaõõado.
    Kiü dado sukhado hoti - kiü dado hoti cakkhudo? "
  2. " Annado balado hoti - vatthado hoti vaõõado
    Yànado sukhado hoti - dãpado hoti cakkhudo. "
  3. Maggo atthi maggiko n'atthi, gamanaü atthi
    gamako n'atthi, kammaü atthi kàrako na'tthi.
  4. " Dhammapãti sukhaü seti. "
  5. " Dhammacàrã sukhaü seti - asmiü loke paramhi ca. "
  6. " Sabbapàpassa akaraõaü "
  7. " Pàpànaü akaraõaü sukhaü ".
  8. Sabbadànaü dhammadànaü jinàti
    Sabbaü rasaü dhammarasaü jinàti,
    Sabbaü ratiü dhammaratiü jinàti,
    Taõhakkhayo sabbadukkhaü janàti. "
  9. Yo sàvako kàyena và vàcàya và cetasà và ki¤ci'pi pàpaü kammaü na karoti so hoti Dhammadharo, Dhammavàdã.
  10. Tava thutiyà me payojanaü n'atthi.
  11. Saccavàdino sadà påjanãyà honti.
  12. Sampattivipattãsu akampanacitto hohi.
  13. Sàdhusãlã sàvakà dhammasavanatthàya gantukàmà nagarato nikkhamiüsu.
  14. Bhàsanadàrakà paõóitehi gàrayhà honti.

B

  1. By the destruction of lust, hatred and ignorance one obtains deliverance.
  2. This potter is making iron vessels.
  3. Evil-doers and well-doers should be known by their actions.
  4. The expounders of the Doctrine should be reverenced by all.
  5. Of what use is his praise to the disciples?
  6. I do not know his going or coming.
  7. There is medicine for bodily diseases but not for mental diseases.
  8. The coach-builder wishing to make a chariot felled* the tallest tree in his garden.
  9. Who knows that our death will come tomorrow.
  10. By his gait I know that he is a good-natured person.
  11. The speech of truthful persons should be heard.
  12. This garland-maker is not an evil-doer.
  13. No evil action should be done in thought, word, or deed by expounders of Truth.
  14. The supporters wishing to go to hear the Doctrine approached the disciples who were reverenced by them.

* Use the causal of 'pata', to fall (pàtesi).