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Please send suggestions for inclusion to Mahinda Deegalle (j51674@sakura.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp or deegall@web.lanka.net). This bibliography may be used freely for teaching and research purposes, but please acknowledge the source.
Sinhala Buddhism
Scholars identify the Theravāda form of Buddhism that grew in Sri Lanka as Sinhala Buddhism. The adjective Sinhala is both a reference to an ethnic group: Sinhala people, the majority population in Sri Lanka, and to an Indo-European language: Sinhala spoken by the Sinhala public. Thus, Sinhala Buddhism has two meanings--Buddhism in the Sinhala language and Buddhism practiced by the Sinhala people.
Though Theravāda Buddhism has been the most frequently used identification for Sri Lankan Buddhism, in recent decades, with reference to Buddhism of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a new designation called Protestant Buddhism has been created.
Two prominent Sri Lankan anthropologists, Gananath Obeyesekere (1) and Kitsiri Malalgoda, (2) created the phrase Protestant Buddhism to identify a form of Buddhism that appeared in Sri Lanka as a response to Protestant Christian missionaries and their evangelical activities during the British colonial period. Buddhists not only criticized Protestant missionaries, but also adopted their strategies and models in reforming Buddhism. This process of assimilation and incorporation occurred on an ideological level as well as social and cultural levels. The emulation of Protestant models was very much apparent in the establishment of Buddhist schools and Buddhist organizations such as the Young Men's Buddhist Association. Like evangelical Protestant Christians, Buddhists also started to print pamphlets (after June 1862), to hold preaching sessions, and to enter into debates and religious controversies in defending Buddhism. In the history of religious controversies, one important event was the two-day public debate (August 26, 27, 1873) that was held in Panadura between a Sinhala Wesleyan clergyman David de Silva and Buddhist monk Mohoṭṭivatt Guṇānanda (1823-90). The arrival of Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907) in Sri Lanka in 1880 marked another important phase in the shaping process of what anthropologists have identified as Protestant Buddhism.
Though several alternative expressions are found in the academy for identifying Sri Lankan Buddhism, I have preferred "Sinhala Buddhism" for three reasons. First, Sinhala Buddhism denotes that this form of Buddhism deals with the religious life and practices of Sinhala people. Second, it designates that this form of Buddhism has a strong connection and relationship with vernacular texts written in Sinhala. Third, in contrast to the narrowness of Protestant Buddhism which identifies Buddhism of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Sinhala Buddhism can be used to identify Buddhism which grew among the Sri Lankan people after the time of the Pāli commentaries.
Notes
1. Gananath Obeyesekere, "Religious Symbolism and Political Change in Ceylon," Modern Ceylon Studies 1/1 (1970): 43-63.
2. Kitsiri Malalgoda, Buddhism in Sinhalese Society 1750-1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1976).
Fields of Entries
Anthropological Studies on Sinhala Buddhism
Baṇa: Buddhist Preaching
Bibliographies, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Catalogues of Sinhala Manuscripts
Buddhism, Society and Sinhala Culture
History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Inscriptions and Historical Writings
Mahāyāna Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Paritta: Buddhist Protection Rituals
Protestant Buddhism
Sinhala Buddhism and Ethnicity
Sinhala Buddhist Rites and Rituals
Sinhala Literature
Sri Lankan Buddhist Saṇgha
Theravāda Buddhism
Women in Sinhala Buddhism
Anthropological Studies on Sinhala Buddhism
Copleston, Reginald Stephen. Buddhism: Primitive and Present in Magadha and in Ceylon. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892.
Gombrich, Richard F. "From Monastery to Meditation Centre: Lay Meditation in Modern Sri Lanka." In Buddhist Studies Ancient and Modern, ed. Philip Denwood and Alexander Piatigorsky, 20-34. London: Curzon Press, 1983.
------. Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1971.
------. "Temporary Ordination in Sri Lanka."Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 7/2 (1984): 41-65.
Gombrich, Richard F., and Gananath Obeyesekere. Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Kemper, Steven. The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics, and Culture in Sinhala Life. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991. Leach, Edmund R. Pul Eliya: A Village in Ceylon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
Maquet, Jacques. "Expressive Space and Theravàda Values: A Meditation Monastery in Sri Lanka." Ethos 3 (1975): 1-21.
------. "Meditation in Contemporary Sri Lanka: Idea and Practice." Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 7/2 (1975): 182-96.
Obeyesekere, Gananath. "Buddhism, Depression and the Work of Culture in Sri Lanka." Culture and Depression. Ed. Arthur Kleinman and Byron Good. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1985.
------. "The Buddhist Pantheon in Ceylon and its Extensions." Anthropological Studies in Theravāda Buddhism. Ed. Manning Nash. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
------. The Cult of Goddess Pattini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
------. "The Great Tradition and the Little in the Perspective of Sinhalese Buddhism." Journal of Asian Studies 22 (1963): 139-53.
------. Medusa's Hair: An Essay on Personal Symbols and Religious Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
------. "Personal Identity and Cultural Crisis: The Case of Anagarika Dharmapala of Sri Lanka." In The Biographical Process, ed. Frank Reynolds and Donald Capps. The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1976.
------. "Popular Religions." In Modern Sri Lanka: A Society in Transition, ed. Tissa Fernando and Robert Kearney. Syracuse, N.Y.: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1979.
------. "Theodicy, Sin, and Salvation in a Sociology of Buddhism." In Dialectic in Practical Religion, ed. E. R. Leach, 7-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
------. The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Ryan, Bryce F. Sinhalese Village. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1958.
Scott, David. Formations of Ritual. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Seneviratne, H. L. "Religion and Legitimacy of Power in the Kandyan Kingdom." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
Southwold, Martin. Buddhism in Life: The Anthropological Study of Religion and the Practice of Sinhalese Buddhism. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983.
------. "True Buddhism and Village Buddhism in Sri Lanka." In Religious Organization and Religious Experience, ed. J. Davis. London: Academic Press, 1982.
Spencer, Jonathan. "Writing Within: Anthropology, Nationalism, and Culture in Sri Lanka."Current Anthropology 31/3 (1990): 294-310.
Wirz, Paul. Exorcism and the Art of Healing in Ceylon. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1954.
Yalman, Nur. "The Structure of Sinhalese Healing Rituals." In Religion in South Asia, ed. E. B. Harper, 115-50. Seattle: Asian Society, 1964.
------. Under the Bo Tree. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Baṇa: Buddhist Preaching
Deegalle, Mahinda. "Buddhist Preaching (Baṇa) in Sri Lanka: Sinhala Religious Rhetoric in the Popularization of Theravāda." Sri Lanka Journal of Buddhist Studies 5 (1996): 30-41.
------. Baṇa: Buddhist Preaching in Sri Lanka (Special Focus on the Two-pulpit Tradition), PhḌ. diss., University of Chicago, 1995.
------. "Buddhist Preaching: Rethinking of History of Religions Categories." Transactions of the International Conference of Eastern Studies (The Toohoo Gakkai) 41 (1996): 42-59.
Schalk, Peter. "Die Botschaft der friedvollen Lehre ('sānta dharmay paṇiviḍaya): Einfūhrung in die buddhistische Predigt in Sri Lanka." Temenos 19 (1983): 68-111.
------. "Ohne Denken an den Tod ist Kein Leben: Analyse einer buddhistischen Totenpredigt (mataka baṇa) aus Sri Lanka." In On the Meaning of Death: Essays on Mortuary Rituals and Eschatological Beliefs, ed. S. Cederroth, C. Corlin, and J. Lindstroom, 229-55. Stockholm: Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 1988.
Bibliographies, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Catalogues of Sinhala Manuscripts
Alwis, James. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit, Pali and Sinhalese Literary Works of Ceylon. Vol. 1. Colombo: Government Printer, 1870.
De Silva, W. A. Catalogue of Palm Leaf Manuscripts in the Library of the Colombo Museum. Vol. 1. Colombo: Ceylon Government Press, 1938.
------. Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Ceylon Government Oriental Library, 1876.
------. A Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Temple Libraries of Ceylon. Colombo, 1885.
------. Reports on the Inspection of Temple Libraries (of Sanskrit, Pali and Sinhalese MSS). 2 vols. Colombo, 1875, 1879.
De Zoysa, Louis. Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Ceylon Government Oriental Library. Colombo: Government Printer, 1876.
------. A Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Temple Libraries of Ceylon. Colombo: Government Printer, 1885.
------. Reports on the Inspection of Temple Libraries (of Sanksrit, Pali and Sinhalese MSS). 2 vols. Colombo: Government Printer, 1875, 1879.
Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Ed. G. P. Malalasekera et al. Colombo: The Government of Ceylon, 1960-.
Godakumbura, C. E. Catalogue of Ceylonese Manuscripts. Copenhagen: The Royal Library, 1980.
Goonetileke, H. A. I. A Bibliography of Ceylon. 5 vols. Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1970-.
Liyanaratne, Jinadasa. Catalogue des manuscrits singhalais. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1983.
Somadasa, K. D. Catalogue of the Hugh Nevill Collection of Sinhala Manuscripts in the British Library. 7 vols. London: The British Library and The Pāli Text Society, 1987 1995.
------. Laṇkāvee Puskoḷa Pot Nāmāvaliya. 2 vols. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, 1959-1964.
Sorata, Vāliviṭiyee. 'Srī Sumaṇgala 'Sabdakoṣaya. Mount Lavinia: Abhaya Prakā'sakayoo, 1970.
Wickremasinghe, Don Martino de Zilva. Catalogue of the Sinhalese Manuscripts in the British Museum. London: The British Museum, 1900.
Buddhism, Society, and Sinhala Culture
Amunugama, Sarath. Notes on Sinhala Culture. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1980.
Ariyapala, M. B. Society in Medieval Ceylon: The State of Society in Ceylon as Depicted in the Saddharma-ratnāvaliya and other Literature of the Thirteenth Century. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, 1968.
Bechert, Heinz. "Aspects of Theravāda Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia." In The Buddhist Heritage, ed. Tadeusz Skorupski, 19-27. Tring, UK: The Institute of Buddhist Studies, 1989.
------, ed. Buddhism in Ceylon and Studies on Religious Syncretism in Buddhist Countries. Goottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.
------. Buddhismus, Stāt und Gesellschaft in den Lāndern des Theravāda Buddhismus. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: O. Harnassowitz, 1966-73.
------. "Contradictions in Sinhalese Buddhism." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 188-98. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
------. "Uber Singhalesisches im Palikanon." Wiener Zeitschrift fūr die Kunde Sūd und Ostasiens. Band 1 (1957): 71-75.
------Geiger, Wilhelm. Culture of Ceylon in Medieval Times. Ed. Heinz Bechert. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.
Malalgoda, Kitsiri. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society 1750 1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1976.
------. "Sinhalese Buddhism: Orthodox and Syncretistic, Traditional and Modern." Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies 2 (1972): 156-69.
------. "The Situation and Role of Theravāda Buddhism in Sinhalese Society." In Contemporary Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, ed. Egaku Mayeda, 1-12. Nagoya: Aichigakuin University, 1982.
Norman, K. R. "The Role of Pāli in Early Sinhalese Buddhism." In Buddhism in Ceylon and Studies on Religious Syncretism in Buddhist Countries, ed. Heinz Bechert, 28 47. Goottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1978.
Pieris, Ralph. Sinhalese Social Organization: The Kandyan Period. Colombo: Ceylon University Press Board, 1956.
Ratnaike, Nalin R. Glimpses of the Social, Religious, Economic, and Political Conditions of Ceylon from the Sandesas (Between the 14-16 Centuries). Master's thesis, University of Ceylon, 1944.
Reynolds, Frank E. "Dhammadīpa: A Study of Indianization and Buddhism in Sri Lanka." Ohio Journal of Religion 1 (1974): 63-78.
------. "From Philology to Anthropology: A Bibliographical Essay on Works Related to Early Theravāda and Sinhalese Buddhism." In The Two Wheels of Dhamma: Essays on the Theravāda Tradition in India and Ceylon, ed. Gananath Obeyesekere, Frank E. Reynolds and Bardwell L. Smith. Chambersburg, Pa.: American Academy of Religion, 1972.
Saram, P. A. S. "Weberian Buddhism and Sinhalese Buddhism." Social Compass 23 (1976): 355-82.
Smith, Bardwell L. "Religious Assimilation in Early Medieval Sinhalese Society." In Studies in Pāli and Buddhism, ed. A. K. Narain, 347-68. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corp., 1979.
Suzuki, Masataka. "Sri Lankan Studies in Japan Social Sciences and Humanities." Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies 6 (1994): 113-37.
Vimalananda, Tennakoon. The State and Religion in Ceylon Since 1815. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1970.
The History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Adikaram, E. W. Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon. Migoda: D. S. Puswella, 1946.
Bechert, Heinz. "The Beginnings of Buddhist Historiography: Mahāvaṃsa and Political Thinking." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
De Silva, K. M. A History of Sri Lanka. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1981.
Dewaraja, L. S. The Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka 1707-1782. Colombo: Lake House, 1988.
Dhammavisuddhi, Y. "Buddhist Political Ideas in Ancient Sri Lankan Polity." Sri Lanka Journal of Buddhist Studies 5 (1996): 57-69.
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. "Anurādhapura: Ritual, Power and Resistance in a Precolonial South Asian City." In Domination and Resistance, ed. Daniel Miller et al, 155-78. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, 155-78.
------. "Prelude to the State: an Early Phase in the Evolution of Political Institutions in Ancient Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 8 (1982): 1-39.
------. Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1979.
Hettiaratchi, S. B. Social and Cultural History of Ancient Sri Lanka. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1988.
Indrapala, K. "Dravidian Settlements in Ceylon and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Jaffna." PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1965.
Kiribamune, Sirima. "Buddhism and Royal Prerogative in Medieval Sri Lanka." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 107-18. Chambersbury, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
Knox, Robert. An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon, in the East Indie: Together, with an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Divers Other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape. London: Richard Chiswell, 1681; An Historical Relation of Ceylon. Dehiwala: Tisara Prakā'sakayoo, 1966.
Liyanagamage, Amaradasa. The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the Rise of Dambadeniya (circa 1180 1270 AḌ.). Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, 1968.
Liyanagamage, Amaradasa and Ranavira Gunawardena. Anurādhapura Yugaya. Colombo: Sri Lanka Jātika Pustakāla Seevā Maṇḍalaya, 1987.
Mirando, A. H. Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 17th and 18th Centuries, with Special Reference to Sinhalese Literary Sources. Dehiwala: Tisara Prakā'sakayoo, 1985.
Mudiyanse, Nandasena. The Art and Architecture of the Gampola Period. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1965.
Pandita, Vincent. "Kooṭṭee Bauddha Tatvaya." Sāhityaya: Journal of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs (1957): 66-71.
Paranavitana, S. "Civilization of the Polonnaru Period: Religion, Literature and Art." History of Ceylon. Vol. 1, pt. I. Ed. H. C. Ray, 563-612. Colombo: Ceylon University Press, 1960.
------. "Glimpses of the Political and Social Conditions of Medieval Sri Lanka." In Sir Paul E. Pieris Felicitation Volume, 69-74. Colombo: Sir Paul Pieris Felicitation Volume Committee, 1956.
------. "Religious Intercourse Between Ceylon and Siam in the 13th 15th Centuries." Journal of the Ceylon Branch of Asiatic Society (CB) 32 (1932): 190-213.
Paranavitana, S., and Nicholas, C. W. A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese. Colombo: Ceylon University Press, 1961.
Rahula, Walpola. History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The Anurādhapura Period 3rd Century B.C.-10th Century AḌ. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1956.
Senadheera, Gunapala. "Cultural Contacts between India and Sri Lanka through Bhikkhus, Scholars and Pilgrims. In Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, ed. Senake Bandaranayake et al, 135-39. Colombo: The Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and The Central Cultural Fund, 1990.
Sirisena, W. M. Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from AḌ. c.1000 to c.1500. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978.
Smith, Bardwell L. "The Polonnaruva Period (ca. 993 1293 AḌ.): A Thematic Bibliographic Essay." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 119-154. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
Somaratna, G. P. V. Political History of the Kingdom of Koṭṭee. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1969.
University of Ceylon. History of Ceylon. Ed. H. C. Ray et al. Colombo: Ceylon University Press, 1960.
Wickramasinghe, S. The Age of Parākramabāhu I. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1958.
------. "Ceylon's Relations with South-east Asia, with Special Reference to Burma." Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies 3/1 (1960): 38-58.
Wijetunga, W. M. K. The Rise and Decline of the Cola Power in Ceylon. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1962.
Inscriptions and Historical Writings
Epigraphia Zeylanica. 7 vols. Ed. and trans. Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe et al. London: Oxford University Press, 1912-1984.
Geiger, Wilhelm, trans. The Mahāvaṃsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Colombo: The Ceylon Government Information Department, 1950.
------, ed. The Mahāvaṃsa. London: PTS, 1908.
Gunasekera, B., ed. Rājāvaliya. Colombo: Government Printer, 1953.
Jayabāhu Devarakkhita of Gaḍalādeṇiya. Nikāya Saṇgrahaya: Being a History of Buddhism in India and Ceylon. Trans. C. M. 232 Fernando. Rev. and ed. Mudaliyar W. F. Gunawardhana. Colombo: H. Ross Cottle, Govt. Printer, 1908.
Law, Bimala Churn, trans. A Manual of Buddhist Historical Traditions (Saddhamma-saṇgaha). Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1941.
Oldenberg, H., ed. and trans. The Dīpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1982.
Paranavitana, S., ed. Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol. 1. Ceylon: The Department of Archaeology, 1970.
Parākramabāhu Vilgammula. Sinhala Bodhivaṃsaya, ed. Puñcibaṇḍāra Sannasgala. Colombo: Lake House Investments Limited, 1970.
Strong, Arther S., ed. The Mahābodhivaṃsa. London: PTS, 1891.
Mahāyāna Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Anāgatavaṃsa Desanā: The Sermon of the Chronicle-To-Be. Trans. Udaya Meddegama and John Clifford Holt. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993.
Bechert, Heinz. "Buddha-Feld und Verdienstūbertragung: Mahāyāna-Ideen im Theravāda-Buddhismus Ceylons." Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques 62 (1976): 27-51.
------. "Zur Geschichte der buddhistischen Sekten in Indien und Ceylon." La nouvelle Clio 7-9 (1955 57): 351-57.
------. "Mahāyāna Literature in Sri Lanka: The Early Phase." In Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze, ed. Lewis Lancaster and Luis O. G'omez, 361-68. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, 1977.
Deegalle, Mahinda. "The Origins of Mahāyāna Buddhism." The Buddhist 61 (1990): 12-21.
Dohanian, Diran K. The Mahāyāna Buddhist Sculpture of Ceylon. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1977.
------. "Mahāyāna Cult in Ancient Ceylon." India's Contribution to World Thought and Culture: Vivekananda Commemoration Volume. Madras: Vivekananda Commemoration Volume Committee, 1970, 423-36.
Godakumbura, C. E. "References to Buddhist Sanskrit Writers in Sinhalese Literature." University of Ceylon Review 1/1 (1943): 86-93.
Goonatilake, Sangapala Arachchige Hemalatha. The Impact of Some Mahāyāna Concepts on Sinhalese Buddhism. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1974.
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. "Buddhist Nikāyas in Medieval Ceylon." The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies 9 (January-June 1966): 55-66.
------. Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1979.
Holt, John Clifford. Buddha in the Crown: Avalokite'svara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Jeetavanārāma Ran Baṇa Pota. Ed. Hema Ratnayaka, M. H. Sirisoma, and Siri Hinpalla. Colombo: UNESCO-Sri Lanka Cultural Triangle Project, 1983.
Kalupahana, David J. "Schools of Buddhism in Early Ceylon." The Ceylon Journal of the Humanities 1 (1970): 159-90.
Mudiyanse, Nandasena. Mahāyāna Monuments in Ceylon. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1967.
Paranavitana, Senarat. "Bodhisattva Avalokite'svara in Ceylon." In B.C. Law Volume, 15-18. Poona: Baroda Oriental Research Institute, 1951.
------. "Mahāyāna in Ceylon." Ceylon Journal of Science 2 (1928): 35-71.
Ratnayaka, Shanta. "The Bodhisattva Ideal of Theravāda." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 8 (1985): 85-110.
Sasanaratana, Moraṭuwe. Lakdiva Mahāyāna Adahas. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1962.
Schopen, Gregory. "The Text on the 'Dhāranī Stones from Abhayagiriya': A Minor Contribution to the Study of Mahāyāna Literature in Ceylon." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5/1 (1982): 100-108.
Von Schroeder, Ulrich. Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, 1990.
Paritta: Buddhist Protection Rituals
Blackburn, Anne M. The Play of the Teaching in the Life of the Sāsana: Sārārthadīpanī in Eighteenth Century Sri Lanka. PhḌ. diss., The University of Chicago, 1996.
De Silva, Lily. Paritta: A Historical and Religious Study of the Buddhist Ceremony for Peace and Prosperity in Sri Lanka. Spolia Zeylanica. Vol. 36, Pt. I. Ed. P. H. D. de Silva. Colombo: The National Museums of Sri Lanka, 1981.
Deegalle, Mahinda. "Reflections on Buddhist Marriage: The Jayamaṇgala Gāthā." Island (Colombo: Upali News Papers), 3 May, 1996.
Grimblot, M. and M. L'eon Feer. "Extraits du Paritta: Textes et Commentaires en Pali." Journal Asiatique (October-December 1871): 225-335.
La Fuente, Marguerite. Pirit Nula: Le Fil de Pirit. Paris: Librairie D'Am'erique et D'Orient, 1951.
Pertold, O. "A Protective Ritual of the Southern Buddhists." Anthropological Society of Bombay 12/6 (1923): 744-89.
Schalk, Peter. Der Paritta Dienst in Ceylon. Lund: Lunds Universitet, 1972.
Thera, Piyadassi, trans. The Book of Protection. Colombo: H. M. Gunasekara Trust, 1975.
Waldschmidt, E. "Das Paritta: Eine Magische Zeremonie der Buddhistischen Priester auf Ceylon." Baessler-Archiv 17 (1934): 139-50.
Yalman, Nur. "The Structure of Sinhalese Healing Rituals." In Religion in South Asia, ed. E. B. Harper, 115-50. Seattle: Asian Society, 1964.
Protestant Buddhism
Amunugama, Sarath. "Anagarika Dharmapala (1864 1933) and the Transformation of Sinhala Buddhist Organization in a Colonial Setting." Social Science Information 24/4 (1985): 697-730.
Bond, George. The Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
Buddhism and Christianity Face to Face or an Oral Discussion between the Rev. Migettuwatte, a Buddhist Priest, and the Rev. D. Silva, an English Clergyman Held at Pantura, Ceylon. Ed. J. M. Peebles. Boston: Colby and Rich Publishers, 1878.
Dharmapala, Anagarika. Return to Righteousness: A Collection of Speeches, Essays and Letters of the Anagarika Dharmapala. Ed. Ananda Guruge. Colombo: Ministry of Educational and Cultural Affairs, 1965.
Fernando, Tissa. "The Western-Educated Elite and Buddhism in British Ceylon." In Tradition and Change in Theravāda Buddhism, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 18-29. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973.
A Full Account of the Buddhist Controversy, held at Pantura, in August 1873 by the "Ceylon Times" Special Reporter: With the Addresses Revised and Amplified by the Speakers. Ed. John Capper. Colombo, 1873.
Guruge, Ananda. From the Living Fountains of Buddhism: Sri Lankan Support to Pioneering Western Orientalists. Colombo: Ministry of Cultural Affairs, 1984.
Mellon, Philip A. "Protestant Buddhism? The Cultural Translation of Buddhism in England." 21 (1991): 73-92.
Malalgoda, Kitsiri. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society 1750-1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1976.
------. "The Buddhist Christian Confrontation in Ceylon, 1800-1880." Social CompassSocial Compass 20/2 (1973): 171-200.
Obeyesekere, Gananath. "Buddhism and Conscience: An Exploratory Essay." Daedalus 120 (1991): 219-39.
------. "Religious Symbolism and Political Change in Ceylon." Modern Ceylon Studies 1/1 (1970): 43-63.
Prothero, Stephen. "Henry Steel Olcott and 'Protestant Buddhism.'" Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63/2 (1995): 281-302.
Swearer, Donald. "Lay Buddhism and the Buddhist Revival in Ceylon." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 38/3 (1970): 255-75.
Sinhala Buddhism and Ethnicity
Amunugama, Sarath. "Buddhaputra and Bhumiputra? Dilemmas of Modern Sinhala Buddhist Monks in Relation to Ethnic and Political Conflict." Religion 21 (1991): 115-39.
De Silva, K. M., ed. Ethnic Conflict in Buddhist Societies: Sri Lanka, Thailand and Burma. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988.
Dharmadasa, K. N. O. "The Sinhala-Buddhist Identity and the Nayakkar Dynasty in the Politics of the Kandyan Kingdom, 1739-1815." Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies 6 (1976): 1-23.
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. "The People of the Lion: Sinhala Consciousness in History and Historiography." In Ethnicity and Social Change in Sri Lanka, ed. Social Scientists' Association. Colombo: Navamaga Printers, 1985.
------. "The Kinsmen of the Buddha: Myth as Political Charter in the Ancient and Early Medieval Kingdoms of Sri Lanka." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 96-106. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
Jayawardena, Visakha Kumari. "Bhikkhus in Revolt." Lanka Guardian, 15 May, 15 June, 1 July, and 15 July, 1979.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. "What the Bhikkhu Said: Reflections on the Rise of Militant Religious Nationalism." Religion 20 (1990): 53-75.
Nissan, Elizabeth. The Sacred City of Anurādhapura: Aspects of Sinhalese Buddhism and Nationhood. PhḌ. diss., London School of Economics and Political Science, 1985.
Obeyesekere, Gananath. A Meditation on Conscience. Colombo: Social Scientists' Association of Sri Lanka, 1988.
------. "Sinhala-Buddhist Identity in Ceylon." In Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change, ed. George de Vos and Lola Ross, 229-58. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1975.
Premasiri, P. D. "Treatment of Minorities in the Buddhist Doctrine." Ethnic Studies Report 3/2 (1985): 57-71.
Schalk, Peter. "'Unity' and 'Sovereignty': Key Concepts of a Militant Buddhist Organization in the Present Conflict in Sri Lanka." Temenos 24 (1988): 55-82.
Smith, Bardwell L. "Polonnaruwa As a Ceremonial Complex: Sinhalese Cultural Identity and the Dilemmas of Pluralism." In Studies in the History of Buddhism, ed. A. K. Narain. New Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corp., 1980.
Tambiah, Stanley J. Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
------. Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Wickremeratne, L. A. "Annie Besant, Theosophism, and Buddhist Nationalism in Sri Lanka." Ceylon Journal of the Historical and Social Sciences nṣ. 6/1 (1976): 62-79.
------. "Religion, Nationalism, and Social Change in Ceylon 1865-1885." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Great Britain) (1969): 123-50.
Sinhala Buddhist Rites and Rituals
De Silva, Lynn. Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices in Sri Lanka. Colombo: The Wesley Press, 1974.
Dickson, J. F. "Notes Illustrative of Buddhism as the Daily Religion of the Buddhists of Ceylon, and Some Account of Their Ceremonies After Death." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (CB) 8 (1884): 203-36.
Gamage, Siri. "Sharing Grief and Suffering: Temple Culture and the Buddhist Community in Rural Sri Lanka." Journal of Pali and Buddhist Studies 9 (1996): 1-22.
Godakumbura, C. E. "Sinhalese Festivals: Their Symbolism, Origins and Proceedings." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (CB) 14 (1970): 91-134.
Gombrich, Richard F. "Buddhist Cultic Life in Southeast Asia." In Buddhism and Asian History, ed. Joseph M. Kitagawa and Mark D. Cummings, 309-15. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989.
------. "The Consecration of a Buddhist Image." Journal of Asian Studies 26/1 (1966): 23-36.
------. "A New Theravādin Liturgy." Journal of the Pali Text Society 9 (1981): 47-73.
Holt, John Clifford. "Pilgrimage and the Structure of Sinhalese Buddhism." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5/2 (1982): 23-40.
Ilangasinha, H. B. M. Buddhism in Medieval Sri Lanka. Ed. Sunil Gupta. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1992.
------. Cults, Rituals, Ceremonies and Festivals: A Study of Buddhism in Ceylon in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (circa 1400-1600). PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1972.
Kapferer, Bruce. A Celebration of Demons: Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Karunatillake, W. S. "The Religiousness of Buddhists in Sri Lanka through Belief and Practice." In , ed. John Ross Carter, 1-34. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1979.
Kekulawala, S. L. "The Religious Journey into Dharma (Dharmayātra): Pilgrimage as an Expression of Buddhist Religiousness." In Religiousness in Sri Lanka, ed. John Ross Carter, 35-65. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1979.
Seneviratne, H. L. "Aristocrats and Rituals in Contemporary Ceylon." In Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 97-101. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.
------. Rituals of the Kandyan State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Seneviratne, H. L., and Swarna Wickremeratne. "Bodhipūjā: Collective Representations of Sri Lanka Youth." American Ethonologist 7/4 (1980): 734-43.
Trainor, Kevin M. "When is a Theft not a Theft?: Relic Theft and the Cult of the Buddha's Relics in Sri Lanka." Numen 39/1 (1992): 1-26.
Sinhala Literature
De Mel, Sunanda Mahendra. A Survey of Minor Jātaka Poetry in Sinhalese Literature with Special Reference to the Nevill Catalogue of Sinhalese Manuscripts in the British Museum. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1972.
De Silva, W. P. N. Sinhalese Literature in a Nutshell. Maradana: Peramuna Ltd., 1947.
Dhammapala Thera, Gatare. A Comparative Study of Sinhalese Literature in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1973.
------. "Theory of Translation in Practice among Ancient Sri Lankan Writers." In Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Sciences and Letters, Silver Jubilee, 1984: 42-47.
Dharmasīna Thera. >Jewels of the Doctrine: Stories of the Saddharma Ratnāvaliya. Translated by Ranjini Obeyesekere. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Godakumbura, C. E. The Literature of Ceylon. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, 1963.
------. Literature of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, 1976.
------. Sinhalese Literature. Colombo: The Apothecaries' Co., 1955.
Hallisey, Charles. Devotion in the Buddhist Literature of Medieval Sri Lanka. PhḌ. diss., University of Chicago, 1988.
------. "In Defense of Rather Fragile and Local Achievement: Reflections on the Work of Gurulugomi." In Religion and Practical Reason, ed. Frank E. Reynolds and David Tracy, 121-60. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Hettiaratchi, Dayananda Ekanatha. A Critical Study of the Vesaturu-Dā-Sanne. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1948.
------. "Literature of the Dambadeṇi, Kurunāgala, Gampala and Koṭṭee Periods." In History of Ceylon, ed. H. C. Ray, 770-77. Colombo: Ceylon University Press, 1960.
------. "A Short Study of the Dhampiyā-aṭuvā-Gāṭapadaya." Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (CB) 86 (1933): 359-71.
------. "A Short Study of the Jātaka-aṭuvā-GSṭapadaya." Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (CB) 97 (1944): 220-23.
Hevawasam, P. B. J. "Tamil Sources of Some Sinhalese Literary Works with Special Reference to Lookoopakāraya." 9/3 (1961): 241-62.
Kitsudo, Masahiro S. "Buddhist Disciplines Expressed in Sinhalese Proverbs." In Contemporary Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, ed. Egaku Mayeda, 57-68. Nagoya: Aichigakuin University, 1982.
Kulasuriya, A. "Buddhism in Early Sinhalese Literature." University Buddhist Annual: the Magazine of the Ceylon University Buddhist Brotherhood 9 (1958-59): 5-9.
Liyanage, K. C. "Buddhism through Sinhalese Literature." University Buddhist Annual: the Magazine of the Ceylon University Buddhist Brotherhood 6 (1955-56): 81-83.
Obeyesekere, Ranjini. "The Act of Translation." The Massachusetts Review 29/4 (Winter 1988-89): 262-67.
Obeyesekere, Ranjini, and Gananath. "The Story of the Demoness Kāli: A Thirteenth Century Text on 'Evil.'" History of Religions 29 (1990): 318-34.
Perera, E. Hector. "Amāvatura." . Vol. 1. Ed. G. P. Malalasekera, 414-15. Colombo: The Government of Ceylon, 1964.
Rammandala, M. Sri. A Critical Study of the Dharmapradīpikā. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1954.
Reynolds, C. H. B. "Sinhalese Literature. A Guide to Eastern Literatures. Ed. David Marshall Long, 253-62. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971.
------, ed. An Anthology of Sinhalese Literature up to 1815. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Saparamadu, Sumana. "The Sinhalese Language and Literature of the Pollonnaruwa Period." In The Polonnaruva Period, ed. S. D. Saparamadu, 110-26. Dehiwala: Tisara Prakā'sakayoo, 1973.
Siriwardhana, D. B. I. "Comments on the Development of Classical Sinhalese Prose." Symposium 1/1 (1949): 1-7.
Udayadhamma, Dagonne Thera. L'influence des Jātaka Kathā sur la litterature Sinhala (jusqu'au 12ème siècle après J. C.). Doctorat d'Université de Paris IV (Bons-Sorbonne), 1971.
Wickramasinghe, K. D. P. The Development of Sinhalese Literature in the Fifteenth Century. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1963.
------. Kooṭṭee Yugay Sinhala Sāhityaya. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1965.
Wickramasinghe, Martin. Landmarks of Sinhalese Literature. Trans. Ediriweera R. Sarachchandra. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1963.
Wijayawardhana, G. D. "Literature in Buddhist Religious Life." In Religiousness in Sri Lanka, ed. John Ross Carter, 67-78. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1979.
Wijemanne, Piyaseeli. Amāvatura: A Syntactical Study. Colombo: Ministry of Higher Education, 1984.
Sri Lankan Buddhist Saṇgha
Bechert, Heinz. "Theravāda Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development." Journal of Asian Studies 29/4 (1970): 761-78.
Carrithers, Michael. The Forest Monks of Sri Lanka: An Anthropological and Historical Study. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983.
------. "The Modern Ascetics of Lanka and the Pattern of Change in Buddhism." Man 14 (1979): 294-310.
------. "The Social Organization of the Sinhalese Saṇgha in an Historical Perspective." In Contributions to South Asian Studies, ed. Gopal Krishna. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Disanayaka, J. B. The Monk and the Peasant: A Study of the Traditional Sinhalese Village. Colombo: State Printing Corporation, 1993.
Dhammavisuddhi Thera, Y. The Buddhist Saṇgha in Ceylon (Circa AḌ. 1200-1400). PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1970.
------. Katikawatwalata Peravadanak saha Polonnaru Dambadeni Katikawatwalin Heliwana Aitihasika Toraturu. Master's thesis, Vidyalankara University of Ceylon, 1965.
------. "Lineage of the Dharmakīrtis of Palābatgala Vanavāsa." Journal of the Vidyalankara University of Ceylon 1/2 (1972): 1-8.
Dharmadasa, K. N. O. "The Gaṇinnānsee: A Peculiar Development of the Saṇgha in Eighteenth Century Sri Lanka." In Studies in Buddhism and Culture: In Honour of Professor Dr. Egaku Mayeda on his Sixty-fifth Birthday, 161-74. Tokyo: Sankibo Busshorin, 1991.
------. "Life of Sri Lankan Bhikkhu After Upasampadā." In Contemporary Buddhism in Sri Lanka (Gendai Suriranka no Jooza Bukkyo), ed. Egaku Mayeda, 193-200. Tokyo: Sankibo, 1986.
Evers, Hans-Dieten. Monks, Priests and Peasants: A Study of Buddhism and Social Structure in Central Ceylon. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972.
Gothoni, R'en'e. Modes of Life of Theravāda Monks. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1982.
Gunasingha, Newton. "The Symbolic Role of the Saṇgha." Lanka Guardian, 15 October, 1986, 9-10.
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1979.
Jayatilaka, D. B. "Reformation of the Saṇgha and Revival of Buddhism in Ceylon in the Eighteenth Century." In B.C. Law Volume, ed. D. R. Bhandarkar et al. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1946.
Jayatilaka, D. B. Saraṇaṇkara: The Last Saṇgharāja of Ceylon. Colombo: Lankabhinava Vissruta Press, 1934.
Kemper, Steven. "Buddhism without Bhikkhus." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 212-35. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
------. "The Buddhist Monkhood, the Law and the State in Colonial Sri Lanka." Comparative Studies in Society and History 26 (1984): 401-27.
------. "Wealth and Reformation in Sinhalese Buddhist Monasticism." In Ethics, Wealth and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics, ed. Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer, 152-69. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
Kotelawele, D. A. "New Light on the Life of Saṇgharāja Weliviṭa Saraṇaṇkara." Journal of the Vidyalankara University of Ceylon 1/1 (1972): 119-24.
Kumoi, Shozen and Nobuaki Kamiya. "Types of Monasteries and the Daily Life of Monks in Sri Lanka." In Contemporary Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, ed. Egaku Mayeda, 21-30. Nagoya: Aichigakuin University, 1982.
Liyanagamage, Amaradasa. "The Influence of Caste on the Buddhist Saṇgha in Ancient and Early Medieval Sri Lanka." Kalyāṇi: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Kelaniya 1 (1982): 48-83.
Panabokke, G. The Evolution and the History of the Buddhist Monastic Order, with Special Reference to the Saṇgha in Ceylon. PhḌ. diss., University of Lancaster, 1969.
Rahula, Walpola. The Heritage of the Bhikkhu: A Short History of the Bhikkhu in the Educational, Cultural, Social and Political Life. New York: Grove Press, 1974.
Ratanasara, H. "Calling for a Positive Role for Bhikkhus in the National Leadership." Colombo: Marga Institute, 1974, 12-34.
Ratnapala, Nandasena. The Katikāvatas: Laws of the Buddhist Order of Ceylon from the 12th Century to the 18th Century. Mūnchen: Mūnchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 1971.
"Report of Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Administration of the Buddhist Temporalities." Sessional Paper of the Legislative Council 1876-77, no. 17. Colombo: Government Press, 1876.
Rogers, John D. "Belief, Economic Interest, and Social Policy: Temple Endowments in Sri Lanka during the Governorship of William Gregory 1872-77." Modern Asian Studies 21/2 (1987): 349-69.
Rohanadeera, Mendis. "Haṃsa Sandee'sayee Vanaratana Māhimi Parapura Kiyavena Dasa Pada Sahalla." Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Sciences and Letters 2/1 (1969): 43-48.
Smith, Bardwell. "Kingship, the Saṇgha, and the Process of Legitimation in Anurādhapura Ceylon." In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Bardwell L. Smith, 96-106. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1978.
Suraweera, A. V. "The Imprisonment of Saṇgharāja Saraṇaṃkara." Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Sciences and Letters 1/1 (1968): 53-57.
------. Vāliviṭa Saraṇaṇkara and the Revival of Buddhism in Ceylon. PhḌ. diss., University of London, 1961.
Woodhouse, G. W. "`Sissiyānu Sissiya Paraṃparāva,' and Other Laws Relating to Buddhist Priests in Ceylon." Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register 3 (1917-18): 174-85; 281-90.
Yalman, Nur. "The Ascetic Buddhist Monks of Ceylon." Ethnology 1 (1962): 315-28.
Theravāda Buddhism
Bond, George D. "Theravāda Buddhism'ss Two Formulations of the Dasa Sīla and the Ethics of the Gradual Path." In Pāli Buddhism, ed. Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda, 17-42. London: Curzon Press, 1996.
------. The Word of the Buddha: The Tripiṭaka and its Interpretation in Theravāda Buddhism. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1982.
Carter, John Ross. "The Buddhist Tradition." In Modern Sri Lanka: A Society in Transition, ed. Tissa Fernando and Robert N. Kearney, 181-200. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1979.
------. Dhamma: Western Academic and Sinhalese Buddhist Interpretations. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1978.
------. The Threefold Refuge in the Theravāda Buddhist Tradition. Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1982.
------. On Understanding Buddhists: Essays on the Theravāda Tradition in Sri Lanka. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1993.
Collins, Steven. Buddhist Felicities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
------. "The Discourse on What Is Primary (Aggañña Sutta): An Annotated Translation." Journal of Indian Philosophy 21 (1993): 301-93.
------. "Notes on Some Oral Aspects of Pāli Literature." Indo-Iranian Journal 35 (1992): 121-35.
------. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravāda Buddhism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
------. "On the Very Idea of the Pāli Canon." Journal of the Pāli Text Society 15 (1990): 89-126.
------. "What Are Buddhists Doing When They Deny the Self." In Religion and Practical Reason, ed. Frank E. Reynolds and David Tracy, 59-86. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Cone, Margaret, and Richard F. Gombrich. The Perfect Generosity of Prince Vessantara. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.
Day, Terence P. Great Tradition and Little Tradition in Theravāda Buddhist Studies. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988.
Dharmasiri, Gunapala. "A Buddhist Critique of Theravāda." In Pāli Buddhism, ed. Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda, 141-56. London: Curzon Press, 1996.
Gombrich, Richard F. "Kosala-Bimba-Vaṇṇanā." In Buddhism in Ceylon and Studies on Religious Syncretism in Buddhist Countries, ed. Heinz Bechert, 281-303. Goottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.
------. Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988.
Hallisey, Charles. "The Sutta on Nibbāna as a Great City." In Buddhist Essays: In Honour of Hammalawa Saddhātissa, ed. Pollamure Sorata et al., 38-67. London: Sri Saddhatissa International Buddhist Centre, 1992.
Hoffman, Frank J. "Evaṃ me sutaṃ: Oral Tradition in Nikāya Buddhism." In Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia, ed. Jeffrey R. Timm, 195-219. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1992.
------. "`Orientalism' in Buddhology." In Pāli Buddhism, ed. Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda, 207-26. London: Curzon Press, 1996.
Holt, John Clifford. The Religious World of Kīrtī 'Srī. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Houtart, Francois. Religion and Ideology in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Hansa Publishers, 1974.
Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
------. "Morality in the Visuddhimagga." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 6/1 (1983): 61-75.
Palihawadana, Mahinda. "DhammaToday and Tomorrow." In Religiousness in Sri Lanka, ed. John Ross Carter, 129-47. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1979.
Pāli Buddhism. Edited by Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda. London: Curzon Press, 1996.
Premasiri, P. D. "Buddhism: Philosophy as a Way of Life." Sri Lanka Journal of Buddhist Studies 5 (1996): 42-56.
Reynolds, Frank E. "Ethics and Wealth in Theravāda Buddhism: A Study in Comparative Religious Ethics." In Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics, ed. Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer, 59-76. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
Sumangala, Kannimahara. "The Tradition Needs Review: An Examination of Possibilities of Refining Theravāda Interpretation." In Religiousness in Sri Lanka, ed. John Ross Carter, 113-27. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1979.
Tennekoon, Serena. An Introduction to Three Sociologically Significant Buddhist Concepts: Kamma, Dāna, Dhamma. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1981.
Tetley, N. The Doctrine of Rebirth in Theravāda Buddhism. D. Phil. thesis, University of Bristol, 1990.
Women in Sinhala Buddhism
Bartholemeusz, Tessa. "The Female Mendicant in Buddhist Sri Lanka." In Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender, ed. Jose Ignacio Cabez'on, 37-61. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1992.
------. Women Under the Bo Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Bloss, Lowell L. "The Female Renunciants of Sri Lanka: The Dasasilmattawa." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10/1 (1987): 7-31.
Richard F. Gombrich. "Feminine Elements in Sinhalese Buddhism, I: `Buddha Mother,' Ī: Buddha by His Mother's Blessing." Wiener Zeitschrift fūr die Kunde Sūdasiens 16 (1972): 67-93.
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. "Subtile Silk of Ferreous Firmness: Buddhist Nuns in Ancient and Early Medieval Sri Lanka and their Role in the Propagation of Buddhism." Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 14 (1-2), (1988: published in 1990): 1-59.
Munasinghe, Indrani. "Religious Life of Women in Ancient Sri Lanka." University of Colombo Review 5 (December 1985): 1-19.
Nissan, Elizabeth. "Recovering Practice: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka." South Asia Research 4/1 (1984): 32-49.
Salgado, Nirmala S. Custom and Tradition in Buddhist Society: A Look at Some Dasa Sil Matas from Sri Lanka. Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, nḍ.
Seneviratne, Maureen. Some Women of the Mahāvaṃsa and Culavaṃsa. Colombo: H. W. Cave & Co., 1969.
Wood, Jessica. Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka. Bachelor's thesis, Lancaster University, 1977.
