2. Dukanipāto
1. Paṭhamavaggo
1. Dukkhavihārasuttavaṇṇanā
28. Dukanipātassa paṭhame dvīhīti gaṇanaparicchedo. Dhammehīti paricchinnadhammanidassanaṃ. Dvīhi dhammehīti dvīhi akusaladhammehi. Samannāgatoti yutto. Diṭṭheva dhammeti imasmiṃyeva attabhāve. Dukkhaṃ viharatīti catūsupi iriyāpathesu kilesadukkhena ceva kāyikacetasikadukkhena ca dukkhaṃ viharati. Savighātanti cittūpaghātena ceva kāyūpaghātena ca savighātaṃ. Sa-upāyāsanti kilesūpāyāsena ceva sarīrakhedena ca balava-āyāsavasena sa-upāyāsaṃ. Sapariḷāhanti kilesapariḷāhena ceva kāyapariḷāhena ca sapariḷāhaṃ. Kāyassa bhedāti upādinnakkhandhapariccāgā. Paraṃ maraṇāti tadanantaraṃ abhinibbattakkhandhaggahaṇe. Atha vā kāyassa bhedāti jīvitindriyupacchedā. Paraṃ maraṇāti cutito uddhaṃ. Duggati pāṭikaṅkhāti duggatisaṅkhātānaṃ catunnaṃ apāyānaṃ aññatarā gati icchitabbā, avassaṃbhāvinīti attho. Aguttadvāroti apihitadvāro. Kattha pana aguttadvāroti āha “indriyesū”ti. Tena manacchaṭṭhānaṃ indriyānaṃ asaṃvaramāha. Paṭiggahaṇaparibhogavasena bhojane mattaṃ na jānātīti bhojane amattaññū. “Indriyesu aguttadvāratāya bhojane amattaññutāyā”tipi paṭhanti. Kathaṃ indriyesu aguttadvāratā, kathaṃ vā guttadvāratāti? Kiñcāpi hi cakkhundriye saṃvaro vā asaṃvaro vā natthi. Na hi cakkhupasādaṃ nissāya sati vā muṭṭhassaccaṃ vā uppajjati. Apica yadā rūpārammaṇaṃ cakkhussa āpāthaṃ āgacchati, tadā bhavaṅge dvikkhattuṃ uppajjitvā niruddhe kiriyāmanodhātu āvajjanakiccaṃ sādhayamānā uppajjitvā nirujjhati, tato cakkhuviññāṇaṃ dassanakiccaṃ, tato vipākamanodhātu sampaṭicchanakiccaṃ, tato vipākāhetukamanoviññāṇadhātu santīraṇakiccaṃ, tato kiriyāhetukamanoviññāṇadhātu voṭṭhabbanakiccaṃ sādhayamānā uppajjitvā nirujjhati, tadanantaraṃ javanaṃ javati. Tathāpi neva bhavaṅgasamaye, na āvajjanādīnaṃ aññatarasamaye saṃvaro vā asaṃvaro vā atthi, javanakkhaṇe pana sace dussīlyaṃ vā muṭṭhassaccaṃ vā aññāṇaṃ vā akkhanti vā kosajjaṃ vā uppajjati, asaṃvaro hoti. Evaṃ hontopi so “cakkhudvāre asaṃvaro”ti vuccati. Kasmā? Yasmā tasmiṃ sati dvārampi aguttaṃ hoti bhavaṅgampi āvajjanādīni vīthicittānipi. Yathā kiṃ? Yathā nagare catūsu dvāresu asaṃvutesu kiñcāpi antogharadvārakoṭṭhakagabbhādayo susaṃvutā tathāpi antonagare sabbaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ arakkhitaṃ agopitameva hoti. Nagaradvārehi pavisitvā corā yadicchanti, taṃ hareyyuṃ. Evameva javane dussīlyādīsu uppannesu tasmiṃ asaṃvare satidvārampi aguttaṃ hoti, bhavaṅgampi āvajjanādīni vīthicittānipi. Tasmiṃ pana asati javane sīlādīsu uppannesu dvārampi guttaṃ hoti bhavaṅgampi āvajjanādīni vīthicittānipi. Yathā kiṃ? Yathā nagaradvāresu saṃvutesu kiñcāpi antogharadvārādayo asaṃvutā, tathāpi antonagare sabbaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ surakkhitaṃ sugopitameva hoti. Nagaradvāresu hi pihitesu corānaṃ paveso natthi. Evameva javane sīlādīsu uppannesu dvārampi guttaṃ hoti, bhavaṅgampi, āvajjanādīni vīthicittānipi. Tasmā javanakkhaṇe uppajjamānopi “cakkhudvāre saṃvaro”ti vuccati. Sesadvāresupi eseva nayo. Evaṃ indriyesu aguttadvāratā, guttadvāratā ca veditabbā. Kathaṃ pana bhojane amattaññū, kathaṃ vā mattaññūti Yo hi puggalo mahiccho hutvā paṭiggahaṇe mattaṃ na jānāti. Mahicchapuggalo hi yathā nāma kacchapuṭavāṇijo piḷandhanabhaṇḍakaṃ hatthena gahetvā ucchaṅgepi pakkhipitabbayuttakaṃ pakkhipitvā mahājanassa passantasseva “asukaṃ gaṇhatha, asukaṃ gaṇhathā”ti mukhena ugghoseti, evameva appamattakampi attano sīlaṃ vā ganthaṃ vā dhutaṅgaguṇaṃ vā antamaso araññavāsamattakampi mahājanassa jānantasseva sambhāveti, sambhāvetvā ca pana sakaṭehipi upanīte paccaye “alan”ti avatvā paṭiggaṇhāti. Tayo hi pūretuṃ na sakkā aggi upādānena, samuddo udakena, mahiccho paccayehīti–
“Aggikkhandho samuddo ca, mahiccho cāpi puggalo;
bahuke paccaye dinne, tayopete na pūrayeti”.
Mahicchapuggalo hi vijātamātuyāpi manaṃ gaṇhituṃ na sakkoti. Evarūpo hi anuppannaṃ lābhaṃ na uppādeti, uppannalābhato ca parihāyati. Evaṃ tāva paṭiggahaṇe amattaññū hoti. Yo pana dhammena samena laddhampi āhāraṃ gadhito mucchito ajjhopanno anādīnavadassāvī anissaraṇapañño āharahatthaka-alaṃsāṭakatatthavaṭṭakakākamāsakabhuttavamitakabrāhmaṇānaṃ aññataro viya ayoniso anupāyena yāvadatthaṃ udarāvadehakaṃ paribhuñjitvā seyyasukhaṃ passasukhaṃ middhasukhaṃ anuyutto viharati. Ayaṃ paribhoge amattaññū nāma. Yo pana “yadipi deyyadhammo bahu hoti, dāyako appaṃ dātukāmo, dāyakassa vasena appaṃ gaṇhāti. Deyyadhammo appo, dāyako bahuṃ dātukāmo, deyyadhammassa vasena appaṃ gaṇhāti. Deyyadhammo bahu, dāyakopi bahuṃ dātukāmo, attano thāmaṃ ñatvā pamāṇayuttameva gaṇhātī”ti evaṃ vuttassa paṭiggahaṇe pamāṇajānanassa ceva, “paṭisaṅkhā yoniso āhāraṃ āhāreti, neva davāya, na madāyā”ti-ādinā (dha. sa. 1355) “laddhañca piṇḍapātaṃ agadhito amucchito anajjhopanno ādīnavadassāvī nissaraṇapañño paribhuñjatī”ti ca ādinā nayena vuttassa paccavekkhitvā paṭisaṅkhānapaññāya jānitvā āhāraparibhuñjanasaṅkhātassa paribhoge pamāṇajānanassa ca vasena bhojane mattaññū hoti, ayaṃ bhojane mattaññū nāma. Evaṃ bhojane amattaññutā mattaññutā ca hotīti veditabbaṃ. Gāthāsu pana cakkhunti-ādīsu cakkhatīti cakkhu, rūpaṃ assādeti, samavisamaṃ ācikkhantaṃ viya hotīti vā attho. Suṇātīti sotaṃ. Ghāyatīti ghānaṃ. Jīvitanimittaṃ āhāraraso jīvitaṃ, taṃ avhāyatīti jivhā. Kucchitānaṃ āyoti kāyo. Manate vijānātīti mano. Porāṇā panāhu munātīti mano, nāḷiyā minamāno viya mahātulāya dhārayamāno viya ca ārammaṇaṃ vijānātīti attho. Evaṃ tāvettha padattho veditabbo. Bhāvatthato pana duvidhaṃ cakkhu– maṃsacakkhu ca paññācakkhu ca. Tesu buddhacakkhu, samantacakkhu, ñāṇacakkhu, dibbacakkhu, dhammacakkhūti pañcavidhaṃ paññācakkhu. Tattha “addasaṃ kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento”ti (ma. ni. 1.283) idaṃ buddhacakkhu nāma. “Samantacakkhu vuccati sabbaññutaññāṇan”ti (cūḷava. dhotakamāṇavapucchāniddesa 32) idaṃ samantacakkhu nāma. “Cakkhuṃ udapādī”ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1081; mahāva. 15) idaṃ ñāṇacakkhu nāma. “Addasaṃ kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, dibbena cakkhunā visuddhenā”ti (ma. ni. 1.284) idaṃ dibbacakkhu nāma. “Virajaṃ vītamalaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ udapādī”ti (ma. ni. 2.395; mahāva. 16) idaṃ heṭṭhimamaggattayasaṅkhātaṃ dhammacakkhu nāma. Maṃsacakkhupi duvidhaṃ– sasambhāracakkhu, pasādacakkhūti. Tattha yvāyaṃ akkhikūpake patiṭṭhito heṭṭhā akkhikūpakaṭṭhikena, upari bhamukaṭṭhikena ubhato akkhikūṭehi, anto matthaluṅgena, bahiddhā akkhilomehi paricchinno maṃsapiṇḍo, saṅkhepato catasso dhātuyo– vaṇṇo, gandho, raso, ojāsambhavo saṇṭhānaṃ jīvitaṃ bhāvo kāyapasādo cakkhupasādoti cuddasa sambhārā. Vitthārato catasso dhātuyo taṃnissitā vaṇṇagandharasa-ojāsaṇṭhānasambhavāti imāni dasa catusamuṭṭhānikattā cattālīsaṃ honti, jīvitaṃ bhāvo kāyapasādo cakkhupasādoti cattāri ekantakammasamuṭṭhānevāti imesaṃ catucattālīsāya rūpānaṃ vasena catucattālīsa sambhārā. Yaṃ loke “setaṃ vaṭṭaṃ puthulaṃ visaṭaṃ vipulaṃ cakkhū”ti sañjānanto na cakkhuṃ sañjānāti, vatthuṃ cakkhuto sañjānāti, yo maṃsapiṇḍo akkhikūpake patiṭṭhito nhārusuttakena matthaluṅgena ābaddho, yattha setampi atthi kaṇhampi lohitakampi pathavīpi āpopi tejopi vāyopi. Yaṃ semhussadattā setaṃ, pittussadattā kaṇhaṃ, ruhirussadattā lohitakaṃ, pathavussadattā patthaddhaṃ, āpussadattā paggharati, tejussadattā pariḍayhati, vāyussadattā sambhamati, idaṃ sasambhāracakkhu nāma. Yo pana ettha sito ettha paṭibaddho catunnaṃ mahābhūtānaṃ upādāya pasādo, idaṃ pasādacakkhu nāma. Idañhi cakkhuviññāṇādīnaṃ yathārahaṃ vatthudvārabhāvena pavattati. Sotādīsupi sotaṃ dibbasotaṃ, maṃsasotanti duvidhaṃ. Ettha “dibbāya sotadhātuyā visuddhāya atikkantamānusikāya ubho sadde suṇātī”ti idaṃ dibbasotaṃ nāma. Maṃsasotaṃ pana sasambhārasotaṃ pasādasotanti duvidhanti-ādi sabbaṃ cakkhumhi vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ, tathā ghānajivhā. Kāyo pana copanakāyo, karajakāyo, samūhakāyo, pasādakāyoti-ādinā bahuvidho. Tattha–
“Kāyena saṃvutā dhīrā, atho vācāya saṃvutā”ti. (Dha. pa. 234)–
Ayaṃ copanakāyo nāma. “Imamhā kāyā aññaṃ kāyaṃ abhinimminātī”ti (dī. ni. 1.236; paṭi. ma. 3.14) ayaṃ karajakāyo nāma. Samūhakāyo pana viññāṇādisamūhavasena anekavidho āgato. Tathā hi “cha ime, āvuso, viññāṇakāyā”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 1.101) viññāṇasamūho vutto. “Cha phassakāyā”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 3.323; ma. ni. 1.98) phassādisamūho Tathā “kāyapassaddhi kāyalahutā”ti-ādīsu (dha. sa. 114) vedanākkhandhādayo. “Idhekacco pathavikāyaṃ aniccato anupassati, āpokāyaṃ tejokāyaṃ vāyokāyaṃ kesakāyaṃ lomakāyan”ti-ādīsu (paṭi. ma. 3.35) pathavādisamūho. “Kāyena phoṭṭhabbaṃ phusitvā”ti (a. ni. 3.16) ayaṃ pasādakāyo. Idhāpi pasādakāyo veditabbo. So hi kāyaviññāṇādīnaṃ yathārahaṃ vatthudvārabhāvena pavattati. Manoti pana kiñcāpi sabbaṃ viññāṇaṃ vuccati, tathāpi dvārabhāvassa idhādhippetattā dvārabhūtaṃ sāvajjanaṃ bhavaṅgaṃ veditabbaṃ.
Etāni yassa dvārāni aguttāni ca bhikkhunoti yassa bhikkhuno etāni manacchaṭṭhāni dvārāni sativossaggena pamādaṃ āpannattā satikavāṭena apihitāni. Bhojanamhi…pe… adhigacchatīti so bhikkhu vuttanayena bhojane amattaññū indriyesu ca saṃvararahito diṭṭhadhammikañca rogādivasena, samparāyikañca duggatipariyāpannaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ rāgādikilesasantāpavasena, icchāvighātavasena ca cetodukkhanti sabbathāpi dukkhameva adhigacchati pāpuṇāti. Yasmā cetadevaṃ, tasmā duvidhenapi dukkhagginā idhaloke ca paraloke ca ḍayhamānena kāyena ḍayhamānena cetasā divā vā yadi vā rattiṃ niccakālameva tādiso puggalo dukkhameva viharati, na tassa sukhavihārassa sambhavo, vaṭṭadukkhānatikkame pana vattabbameva natthīti.
Paṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.