12. Dvādasakanipāto

1. Sīlavattheragāthāvaṇṇanā

Dvādasakanipāte sīlamevāti-ādikā āyasmato sīlavattherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikāro tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinitvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde rājagahe bimbisārarañño putto hutvā nibbatti, sīlavātissa nāmaṃ ahosi. Taṃ vayappattaṃ rājā ajātasattu māretukāmo caṇḍaṃ mattahatthiṃ āropetvā nānāvidhehi upāyehi upakkamantopi māretuṃ nāsakkhi pacchimabhavikassa arahattaṃ appatvā antarā jīvitantarāyābhāvato. Tassa pavattiṃ disvā bhagavā mahāmoggallānattheraṃ āṇāpesi– “sīlavakumāraṃ ānehī”ti. Thero iddhibalena saddhiṃ hatthinā taṃ ānesi. Kumāro hatthito oruyha bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Bhagavā tassa ajjhāsayānurūpaṃ dhammaṃ desesi. So dhammaṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddho pabbajitvā vipassanāya kammaṃ karonto nacirasseva arahattaṃ patvā kosalaraṭṭhe vasati. Atha naṃ ajātasattu “mārethā”ti purise āṇāpesi. Te therassa santikaṃ gantvā ṭhitā therena kathitaṃ dhammakathaṃ sutvā sañjātasaṃvegā pasannacittā hutvā pabbajiṃsu. Thero tesaṃ–
608. “Sīlamevidha sikkhetha, asmiṃ loke susikkhitaṃ;
sīlañhi sabbasampattiṃ, upanāmeti sevitaṃ.
609. “Sīlaṃ rakkheyya medhāvī, patthayāno tayo sukhe;
pasaṃsaṃ vittilābhañca, pecca sagge pamodanaṃ.
610. “Sīlavā hi bahū mitte, saññamenādhigacchati;
dussīlo pana mittehi, dhaṃsate pāpamācaraṃ.
611. “Avaṇṇañca akittiñca, dussīlo labhate naro;
vaṇṇaṃ kittiṃ pasaṃsañca, sadā labhati sīlavā.
612. “Ādi sīlaṃ patiṭṭhā ca, kalyāṇānañca mātukaṃ;
pamukhaṃ sabbadhammānaṃ, tasmā sīlaṃ visodhaye.
613. “Velā ca saṃvaraṃ sīlaṃ, cittassa abhihāsanaṃ;
titthañca sabbabuddhānaṃ, tasmā sīlaṃ visodhaye.
614. “Sīlaṃ balaṃ appaṭimaṃ, sīlaṃ āvudhamuttamaṃ;
sīlamābharaṇaṃ seṭṭhaṃ, sīlaṃ kavacamabbhutaṃ.
615. “Sīlaṃ setu mahesakkho, sīlaṃ gandho anuttaro;
sīlaṃ vilepanaṃ seṭṭhaṃ, yena vāti disodisaṃ.
616. “Sīlaṃ sambalamevaggaṃ, sīlaṃ pātheyyamuttamaṃ;
sīlaṃ seṭṭho ativāho, yena yāti disodisaṃ.
617. “Idheva nindaṃ labhati, peccāpāye ca dummano;
sabbattha dummano bālo, sīlesu asamāhito.
618. “Idheva kittiṃ labhati, pecca sagge ca summano;
sabbattha sumano dhīro, sīlesu susamāhito.
619. “Sīlameva idha aggaṃ, paññavā pana uttamo;
manussesu ca devesu, sīlapaññāṇato jayan”ti.–

Imāhi gāthāhi dhammaṃ desesi.

Tattha sīlamevidha sikkhetha, asmiṃ loketi idhāti, nipātamattaṃ, imasmiṃ sattaloke atthakāmo kulaputto cārittavārittādibhedaṃ ādito sīlameva sikkheyya, sikkhanto ca naṃ susikkhitaṃ akhaṇḍādibhāvāpādanena suṭṭhu sikkhitaṃ suparisuddhaṃ paripuṇṇañca katvā sikkheyya. Asmiṃ loketi vā imasmiṃ saṅkhāraloke sikkhitabbadhammesu sīlaṃ ādito sikkheyya. Diṭṭhisampattiyāpi sīlassa patiṭṭhābhāvato āha “sīlaṃ hī”ti-ādi. Tattha hīti kāraṇavacanaṃ. Yasmā sīlaṃ sevitaṃ paricitaṃ rakkhitaṃ manussasampatti, dibbasampatti, nibbānasampattīti etaṃ sabbasampattiṃ taṃsamaṅgino sattassa upanāmeti āvahati.
Sīlaṃ sabbasampattiṃ upanāmetīti saṅkhepato vuttamatthaṃ vitthārato dassento “sīlaṃ rakkheyyā”ti-ādimāha. Tattha rakkheyyāti gopeyya. Pāṇātipātādito hi viramanto vattapaṭivattañca pūrento paṭipakkhābhibhavanato taṃ rakkhati nāma. Medhāvīti paññavā, idaṃ tassa rakkhanupāyadassanaṃ ñāṇabalena hissa samādānaṃ avikopanañca hoti. Patthayānoti icchanto. Tayo sukheti tīṇi sukhāni. Sukhanimittaṃ vā “sukhan”ti adhippetaṃ. Pasaṃsanti kittiṃ, viññūhi vā pasaṃsanaṃ. Vittilābhanti tuṭṭhilābhaṃ. “Vittalābhan”ti ca paṭhanti, dhanalābhanti attho. Sīlavā hi appamattatāya mahantaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ adhigacchati. Peccāti kālaṅkatvā. Sagge pamodananti devaloke iṭṭhehi kāmaguṇehi, modanañca patthayamānoti sambandho. Idhaloke pasaṃsaṃ vittilābhaṃ paraloke dibbasampattiyā modanañca icchanto sīlaṃ rakkheyyāti yojanā.
Saññamenāti kāyādīnaṃ saṃyamena. Saṃyato hi kāyaduccaritādīhi kañci aviheṭhento abhayadānaṃ dadanto piyamanāpatāya mittāni ganthati. Dhaṃsateti apeti. Pāpamācaranti pāṇātipātādipāpakammaṃ karonto. Dussīlañhi puggalaṃ atthakāmā sattā na bhajanti, aññadatthu parivajjenti.
Avaṇṇanti aguṇaṃ, sammukhā garahaṃ vā. Akittinti, ayasaṃ asilokaṃ. Vaṇṇanti guṇaṃ. Kittinti silokaṃ patthaṭayasataṃ. Pasaṃsanti sammukhā thomanaṃ.
Ādīti mūlaṃ. Sīlañhi kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ ādi. Yathāha– “tasmātiha tvaṃ, bhikkhu, ādimeva visodhehi kusalesu dhammesu. Ko cādi kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ? Sīlañca suvisuddhan”ti (saṃ. ni. 5.369). Patiṭṭhāti adhiṭṭhānaṃ. Sīlañhi sabbesaṃ uttarimanussadhammānaṃ patiṭṭhā. Tenāha– “sīle patiṭṭhāyā”ti-ādi (saṃ. ni. 1.23; 192; peṭako. 22; mi. pa. 2.1.9). Kalyāṇānañca mātukanti samathavipassanādīnaṃ kalyāṇadhammānaṃ mātubhūtaṃ janakanti, attho. Pamukhaṃ sabbadhammānanti, sabbesaṃ pāmojjādīnaṃ anavajjadhammānaṃ pamukhaṃ mukhabhūtaṃ, pavattidvāranti attho. Tasmāti ādibhāvādito. Visodhayeti akkhaṇḍādibhāvena sampādeyya.
Velāti duccaritehi anatikkamanīyaṭṭhena velā, sīmāti attho Velāyati vā dussilyaṃ calayati viddhaṃsetīti velā. Saṃvaraṃ sīlaṃ kāyaduccaritādīnaṃ uppattidvārassa pidahanato. Abhihāsananti tosanaṃ avippaṭisārahetutāya cittassābhippamodanato. Titthañca sabbabuddhānanti sāvakabuddhā, paccekabuddhā, sammāsambuddhāti sabbesaṃ buddhānaṃ kilesamalappavāhane nibbānamahāsamuddāvagāhaṇe ca titthabhūtañca.
Sīlaṃ balaṃ appaṭimanti mārasenappamaddane asadisaṃ balaṃ senāthāmo ca. Āvudhamuttamanti saṃkilesadhammānaṃ chedane uttamaṃ paharaṇaṃ. Guṇasarīropasobhanaṭṭhena ābharaṇaṃ. Seṭṭhanti sabbakālaṃ uttamaṃ dabbañca. Sapāṇaparittānato kavacamabbhutaṃ. “Abbhidan”ti ca paṭhanti, abhejjanti attho.
Apāyamahoghātikkamane saṃsāramahoghātikkamane ca kilesehi asaṃsīdanaṭṭhena setu. Mahesakkhoti mahabbalo. Gandho anuttaroti paṭivātaṃ sabbadisāsu vāyanato anuttaro gandho sabbajanamanoharattā. Tenāha “yena vāti disodisan”ti yena sīlagandhena taṃsamaṅgī disodisaṃ sabbā disā vāyati. “Disodisā”tipi pāḷi, dasa disāti attho.
Sambalamevagganti sambalaṃ nāma puṭabhattaṃ. Yathā puṭabhattaṃ gahetvā maggaṃ gacchanto puriso antarāmagge jighacchādukkhena na kilamati, evaṃ sīlasampannopi suddhaṃ sīlasambalaṃ gahetvā saṃsārakantāraṃ paṭipanno gatagataṭṭhāne na kilamatīti sīlaṃ aggaṃ sambalaṃ nāma. Tathā sīlaṃ pātheyyamuttamaṃ corādīhi asādhāraṇattā tattha tattha icchitabbasampattinipphādanato ca. Atikkāmento taṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ yathicchitaṭṭhānaṃ vā vāheti sampāpetīti ativāho, yānaṃ. Kenaci anupaddutaṃ hutvā icchitaṭṭhānappattihetutāya sīlaṃ seṭṭhaṃ ativāho. Yenāti yena ativāhena yāti disodisanti agatiṃ gatiñcāpi taṃ taṃ disaṃ sukheneva gacchati.
Idheva nindaṃ labhatīti idhalokepi dummano rāgādīhi dūsitacitto “dussīlo pāpadhammo”ti nindaṃ garahaṃ labhati. Pecca paralokepi apāye “purisattakali avajātā”ti-ādinā yamapurisādīhi ca nindaṃ labhati. Na kevalaṃ nindameva labhati, atha kho sabbattha dummano bālo idhaloke duccaritacaraṇena dūsitacitto paraloke kammakāraṇādivasena dukkhuppattiyāti sabbattha bālo dummano hoti. Kathaṃ? Sīlesu asamāhito sammā sīlesu na ṭhapitacitto appatiṭṭhitacitto.
Idheva kittiṃ labhatīti idhalokepi sumano “sappuriso sīlavā kalyāṇadhammo”ti kittiṃ labhati. Pecca paralokepi sagge “ayaṃ sappuriso sīlavā kalyāṇadhammo. Tathā hi devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapanno”ti-ādinā kittiṃ labhati. Na kevalaṃ kittimeva labhati, atha kho dhīro dhitisampanno sīlesu suṭṭhu samāhito appitacitto supatiṭṭhitacitto sabbattha idhaloke sucaritacaraṇena, paraloke sampattipaṭilābhena sumano somanassappatto hoti. Sīlameva idha agganti duvidhaṃ sīlaṃ lokiyaṃ lokuttaranti. Tattha lokiyaṃ tāva kāmaloke khattiyamahāsālādīsu, devaloke brahmaloke ca upapattivisesaṃ āvahati, lābhībhāvādikassa ca kāraṇaṃ hoti. Lokuttaraṃ pana sakalampi vaṭṭadukkhaṃ atikkāmetīti sīlaṃ aggameva. Tathā hi vuttaṃ–
“Hīnena brahmacariyena, khattiye upapajjati;
majjhimena ca devattaṃ, uttamena visujjhatī”ti. (Jā. 1.8.75).
Ākaṅkheyya ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu– “lābhī assaṃ cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānapaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānan”ti (ma. ni. 1.65), “sīlesvevassa paripūrakārī”ti (ma. ni. 1.65), “ijjhati, bhikkhave, sīlavato cetopaṇidhi visuddhattā”ti (a. ni. 8.35; dī. ni. 3.337) ca.
Lokuttarasīlassa pana sabbaso pahīnapaṭipakkhassa sattamabhavato paṭṭhāya saṃsāradukkhaṃ vinivattentassa aggabhāve vattabbameva natthi. Paññavā pana uttamoti “paññavā pana puggalo uttamo paramo seṭṭhoyevā”ti puggalādhiṭṭhānena paññāya eva seṭṭhabhāvaṃ vadati. Idāni sīlapaññānaṃ seṭṭhabhāvaṃ kiccato dassento “sīlapaññāṇato jayan”ti āha. Jayanti ca liṅgavipallāso daṭṭhabbo, ahūti vā vacanaseso. Tattha pajānanaṭṭhena paññāṇaṃ, sīlato paññāṇato ca paṭipakkhajayo. Na hi sīlena vinā paññā sambhavati, paññāya ca vinā sīlaṃ kiccakaraṃ, aññamaññopakārakañcetaṃ. Vuttañhi “sīlaparidhotā paññā, paññāparidhotaṃ sīlan”ti (dī. ni. 1.317) manussesu ca devesūti idaṃ nesaṃ ṭhānavisesadassanaṃ. Tattha hi tāni savisesāni vattanti, samādhi panettha sīlapakkhiko paññāya adhiṭṭhānabhāvato, paññāpakkhiko vā bhāvetabbato sīlādhiṭṭhānato ca.
Evaṃ thero tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ sīlamukhena dhammaṃ desento attano suvisuddhasīlādiguṇatādīpanena aññaṃ byākāsi.

Sīlavattheragāthāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.