2. Pārāpariyattheragāthāvaṇṇanā

Samaṇassa ahu cintāti-ādikā āyasmato pārāpariyattherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikāro tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinitvā sugatīsuyeva saṃsaranto imasmiṃ buddhuppāde sāvatthiyaṃ aññatarassa brāhmaṇamahāsālassa putto hutvā nibbatti. Tassa vayappattassa gottavasena pārāpariyotveva samaññā ahosi. So tayo vede uggahetvā brāhmaṇasippesu nipphattiṃ gato. Ekadivasaṃ satthu dhammadesanākāle jetavanavihāraṃ gantvā parisapariyante nisīdi. Satthā tassa ajjhāsayaṃ oloketvā indriyabhāvanāsuttaṃ (ma. ni. 3.453) desesi. So taṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddho pabbaji. Taṃ suttaṃ uggahetvā tadatthamanucintesi. Yathā pana anucintesi, svāyamattho gāthāsu eva āvi bhavissati. So tathā anuvicintento āyatanamukhena vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapetvā nacirasseva arahattaṃ patto. Aparabhāge attanā cintitākāraṃ pakāsento–

726. “Samaṇassa ahu cintā, pārāpariyassa bhikkhuno;

ekakassa nisinnassa, pavivittassa jhāyino.

727. “Kimānupubbaṃ puriso, kiṃ vataṃ kiṃ samācāraṃ;

attano kiccakārīssa, na ca kañci viheṭhaye.

728. “Indriyāni manussānaṃ, hitāya ahitāya ca;

arakkhitāni ahitāya, rakkhitāni hitāya ca.

729. “Indriyāneva sārakkhaṃ, indriyāni ca gopayaṃ;

attano kiccakārīssa, na ca kañci viheṭhaye.

730. “Cakkhundriyaṃ ce rūpesu, gacchantaṃ anivārayaṃ;

anādīnavadassāvī, so dukkhā na hi muccati.

731. “Sotindriyaṃ ce saddesu, gacchantaṃ anivārayaṃ;

anādīnavadassāvī, so dukkhā na hi muccati.

732. “Anissaraṇadassāvī, gandhe ce paṭisevati;

na so muccati dukkhamhā, gandhesu adhimucchito.

733. “Ambilaṃ madhuraggañca, tittakaggamanussaraṃ;

rasataṇhāya gadhito, hadayaṃ nāvabujjhati.

734. “Subhānyappaṭikūlāni phoṭṭhabbāni anussaraṃ;

ratto rāgādhikaraṇaṃ, vividhaṃ vindate dukhaṃ.

735. “Manaṃ cetehi dhammehi, yo na sakkoti rakkhituṃ;

tato naṃ dukkhamanveti, sabbehetehi pañcahi.

736. “Pubbalohitasampuṇṇaṃ, bahussa kuṇapassa ca;

naravīrakataṃ vagguṃ, samuggamiva cittitaṃ.

737. “Kaṭukaṃ madhurassādaṃ, piyanibandhanaṃ dukhaṃ;

khuraṃva madhunā littaṃ, ullihaṃ nāvabujjhati.

738. “Itthirūpe itthisare, phoṭṭhabbepi ca itthiyā;

itthigandhesu sāratto, vividhaṃ vindate dukhaṃ.

739. “Itthisotāni sabbāni, sandanti pañca pañcasu;

tesamāvaraṇaṃ kātuṃ, yo sakkoti vīriyavā.

740. “So atthavā so dhammaṭṭho, so dakkho so vicakkhaṇo;

kareyya ramamānopi, kiccaṃ dhammatthasaṃhitaṃ.

741. “Atho sīdati saññuttaṃ, vajje kiccaṃ niratthakaṃ;

na taṃ kiccanti maññitvā, appamatto vicakkhaṇo.

742. “Yañca atthena saññuttaṃ, yā ca dhammagatā rati;

taṃ samādāya vattetha, sā hi ve uttamā rati.

743. “Uccāvacehupāyehi, paresamabhijigīsati;

hantvā vadhitvā atha socayitvā, ālopati sāhasā yo paresaṃ.

744. “Tacchanto āṇiyā āṇiṃ, nihanti balavā yathā;

indriyānindriyeheva, nihanti kusalo tathā.

745. “Saddhaṃ vīriyaṃ samādhiñca, satipaññañca bhāvayaṃ;

pañca pañcahi hantvāna, anīgho yāti brāhmaṇo.

746. “So atthavā so dhammaṭṭho, katvā vākyānusāsaniṃ;

sabbena sabbaṃ buddhassa, so naro sukhamedhatī”ti.– Imā gāthā abhāsi.

Tattha samaṇassāti pabbajitassa. Ahūti ahosi. Cintāti dhammacintā dhammavicāraṇā. Pārāpariyassāti pārāparagottassa. “Pārācariyassā”tipi paṭhanti. Bhikkhunoti saṃsāre bhayaṃ ikkhanasīlassa. Ekakassāti asahāyassa, etena kāyavivekaṃ dasseti. Pavivittassāti pavivekahetunā kilesānaṃ vikkhambhanena vivekaṃ āraddhassa, etena cittavivekaṃ dasseti. Tenāha “jhāyino”ti. Jhāyinoti jhāyanasīlassa, yonisomanasikāresu yuttassāti attho. Sabbametaṃ thero attānaṃ paraṃ viya katvā vadati.

“Kimānupubban”ti-ādinā taṃ cintanaṃ dasseti. Tattha paṭhamagāthāyaṃ tāva kimānupubbanti anupubbaṃ anukkamo, anupubbameva vakkhamānesu vatasamācāresu ko anukkamo, kena anukkamena te paṭipajjitabbāti attho. Puriso kiṃ vataṃ kiṃ samācāranti atthakāmo puriso samādiyitabbaṭṭhena “vatan”ti laddhanāmaṃ, kīdisaṃ sīlaṃ samācāraṃ, samācaranto, attano kiccakārī kattabbakārī assa, kañci sattaṃ na ca viheṭhaye, na bādheyyāti attho. Attano kiccaṃ nāma samaṇadhammo, saṅkhepato sīlasamādhipaññā, taṃ sampādentassa paraviheṭhanāya lesopi natthi tāya sati samaṇabhāvasseva abhāvato.

Yathāha bhagavā– “na hi pabbajito parūpaghātī, na samaṇo hoti paraṃ viheṭhayanto”ti (dha. pa. 184). Ettha ca vataggahaṇena vārittasīlaṃ gahitaṃ, samācāraggahaṇena samācaritabbato cārittasīlena saddhiṃ jhānavipassanādi, tasmā vārittasīlaṃ padhānaṃ. Tatthāpi ca yasmā indriyasaṃvare siddhe sabbaṃ sīlaṃ surakkhitaṃ, sugopitameva hoti, tasmā indriyasaṃvarasīlaṃ tāva dassetukāmo indriyānaṃ arakkhaṇe rakkhaṇe ca ādīnavānisaṃse vibhāvento “indriyāni manussānan”ti-ādimāha. Tattha indriyānīti rakkhitabbadhammanidassanaṃ, tasmā cakkhādīni cha indriyānīti vuttaṃ hoti. Manussānanti rakkhaṇayogyapuggalanidassanaṃ. Hitāyāti atthāya. Ahitāyāti anatthāya. Hontīti vacanaseso. Kathaṃ pana tāniyeva hitāya ca ahitāya hontīti āha “rakkhitānī”ti-ādi. Tassattho– yassa cakkhādīni indriyāni satikavāṭena apihitāni, tassa rūpādīsu abhijjhādipāpadhammapavattiyā dvārabhāvato anatthāya pihitāni, tadabhāvato atthāya saṃvattantīti.

Indriyāneva sārakkhanti yasmā indriyasaṃvaro paripuṇṇo sīlasampadaṃ paripūreti, sīlasampadā paripuṇṇā samādhisampadaṃ paripūreti, samādhisampadā paripuṇṇā paññāsampadaṃ paripūreti, tasmā indriyārakkhā attahitapaṭipattiyāva mūlanti dassento āha “indriyāneva sārakkhan”ti. Satipubbaṅgamena ārakkhena saṃrakkhanto yonisomanasikārena indriyāni eva tāva sammadeva rakkhanto, yathā akusalacorā tehi tehi dvārehi pavisitvā cittasantāne kusalaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ na vilumpanti, tathā tāni pidahantoti attho. Sārakkhanti ca saṃ-saddassa sābhāvaṃ katvā vuttaṃ, “sārāgo”ti-ādīsu viya. “Saṃrakkhan”ti ca pāṭho. Indriyāni ca gopayanti tasseva pariyāyavacanaṃ, pariyāyavacane payojanaṃ netti-aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ. “Attano kiccakārīssā”ti iminā attahitapaṭipattiṃ dasseti, “na ca kañci viheṭhaye”ti iminā parahitapaṭipattiṃ, ubhayenāpi vā attahitapaṭipattimeva dasseti parāviheṭhanassāpi attahitapaṭipattibhāvato. Atha vā padadvayenapi attahitapaṭipattiṃ dasseti puthujjanassa sekkhassa ca parahitapaṭipattiyāpi attahitapaṭipattibhāvato.

Evaṃ rakkhitāni indriyāni hitāya hontīti vodānapakkhaṃ saṅkhepeneva dassetvā, arakkhitāni ahitāya hontīti saṃkilesapakkhaṃ pana vibhajitvā dassento “cakkhundriyaṃ ce”ti-ādimāha. Tattha cakkhundriyaṃ ce rūpesu, gacchantaṃ anivārayaṃ. Anādīnavadassāvīti yo nīlapītādibhedesu iṭṭhāniṭṭhesu rūpāyatanesu gacchantaṃ yathāruci pavattantaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ anivārayaṃ, anivārayanto appaṭibāhanto tathāpavattiyaṃ ādīnavadassāvī na hoti ce, diṭṭhadhammikaṃ samparāyikañca ādīnavaṃ dosaṃ na passati ce “Gacchantaṃ nivāraye anissaraṇadassāvī”ti ca pāṭho. Tattha yo “diṭṭhe diṭṭhamattaṃ bhavissatī”ti (saṃ. ni. 4.95) vuttavidhinā diṭṭhamatteyeva ṭhatvā satisampajaññavasena rūpāyatane pavattamāno tattha nissaraṇadassāvī nāma. Vuttavipariyāyena anissaraṇadassāvī daṭṭhabbo. So dukkhā na hi muccatīti so evarūpo puggalo vaṭṭadukkhato na muccateva. Ettha ca cakkhundriyassa anivāraṇaṃ nāma yathā tena dvārena abhijjhādayo pāpadhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ, tathā pavattanaṃ, taṃ pana atthato satisampajaññassa anuṭṭhāpanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Sesindriyesupi eseva nayo. Adhimucchitoti adhimuttataṇhāya mucchaṃ āpanno. Ambilanti ambilarasaṃ. Madhuragganti madhurarasakoṭṭhāsaṃ. Tathā tittakaggaṃ. Anussaranti assādavasena taṃ taṃ rasaṃ anuvicintento. Ganthitoti rasataṇhāya tasmiṃ tasmiṃ rase ganthito bandho. “Gadhito”ti ca paṭhanti, gedhaṃ āpannoti attho. Hadayaṃ nāvabujjhatīti “dukkhassantaṃ karissāmī”ti pabbajjādikkhaṇe uppannaṃ cittaṃ na jānāti na sallakkheti sāsanassa hadayaṃ abbhantaraṃ anavajjadhammānaṃ sammaddanarasataṇhāya gadhito nāvabujjhati na jānāti, na paṭipajjatīti attho.

Subhānīti sundarāni. Appaṭikūlānīti manoramāni, iṭṭhāni. Phoṭṭhabbānīti upādiṇṇānupādiṇṇappabhede phasse. Rattoti rajjanasabhāvena rāgena ratto. Rāgādhikaraṇanti rāgahetu. Vividhaṃ vindate dukhanti rāgapariḷāhādivasena diṭṭhadhammikañca nirayasantāpādivasena abhisamparāyañca nānappakāraṃ dukkhaṃ paṭilabhati.

Manaṃ cetehīti manañca etehi rūpārammaṇādīhi dhammārammaṇappabhedehi ca. Nanti puggalaṃ. Sabbehīti sabbehi pañcahipi. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti– yo puggalo manaṃ, manodvāraṃ, etehi yathāvuttehi rūpādīhi pañcahi dhammehi dhammārammaṇappabhedato ca. Tattha pavattanakapāpakammanivāraṇena rakkhituṃ, gopituṃ na sakkoti, tato tassa arakkhaṇato naṃ puggalaṃ taṃnimittaṃ dukkhaṃ anveti, anugacchati, anugacchantañca etehi pañcahipi rūpārammaṇādīhi chaṭṭhārammaṇena saddhiṃ sabbehipi ārammaṇappaccayabhūtehi anugacchatīti. Ettha cakkhundriyaṃ, sotindriyañca asampattaggāhibhāvato “gacchantaṃ anivārayan”ti vuttaṃ itaraṃ sampattaggāhīti “gandhe ce paṭisevatī”ti-ādinā vuttaṃ. Tatthāpi ca rasataṇhā ca phoṭṭhabbataṇhā ca sattānaṃ visesato balavatīti “rasataṇhāya gadhito, phoṭṭhabbāni anussarantoti” vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Evaṃ aguttadvārassa puggalassa chahi dvārehi chasupi ārammaṇesu asaṃvaranimittaṃ uppajjanakadukkhaṃ dassetvā svāyamasaṃvaro yasmā sarīrasabhāvānavabodhena hoti, tasmā sarīrasabhāvaṃ vicinanto “pubbalohitasampuṇṇan”ti-ādinā gāthādvayamāha. Tassattho sarīraṃ nāmetaṃ pubbena lohitena ca sampuṇṇaṃ bharitaṃ aññena ca pittasemhādinā bahunā kuṇapena, tayidaṃ naravīrena naresu chekena sippācariyena kataṃ vaggu maṭṭhaṃ lākhāparikammādinā cittitaṃ, anto pana gūthādi-asucibharitaṃ samuggaṃ viya chavimattamanoharaṃ bālajanasammohaṃ dukkhasabhāvatāya nirayādidukkhatāpanato ca kaṭukaṃ, parikappasambhavena amūlakena assādamattena madhuratāya madhurassādaṃ, tato eva piyabhāvanibandhanena piyanibandhanaṃ, dussahatāya appatītatāya ca dukhaṃ, īdise sarīre assādalobhena mahādukkhaṃ paccanubhuyyamānaṃ anavabujjhanto loko madhuragiddho khuradhārālehakapuriso viya daṭṭhabboti.

Idāni ete cakkhādīnaṃ gocarabhūtā rūpādayo vuttā, te visesato purisassa itthipaṭibaddhā kamanīyāti tattha saṃvaro kātabboti dassento “itthirūpe”ti-ādimāha. Tattha itthirūpeti itthiyā catusamuṭṭhānikarūpāyatanasaṅkhāte vaṇṇe. Api ca yo koci itthiyā nivatthassa alaṅkārassa vā gandhavaṇṇakādīnaṃ vā piḷandhanamālānaṃ vā kāyapaṭibaddho vaṇṇo purisassa cakkhuviññāṇassa ārammaṇabhāvāya upakappati, sabbametaṃ “itthirūpan”tveva veditabbaṃ. Itthisareti itthiyā gītalapitahasitaruditasadde. Api ca itthiyā nivatthavatthassapi alaṅkata-alaṅkārassapi itthipayoganipphāditā veṇuvīṇāsaṅkhapaṇavādīnampi saddā idha itthisaraggahaṇena gahitāti veditabbā. Sabbopeso purisassa cittaṃ ākaḍḍhatīti. “Itthirase”ti pana pāḷiyā catusamuṭṭhānikarasāyatanavasena vuttaṃ. Itthiyā kiṃkārapaṭissāvitādivasena assavaraso ceva paribhogaraso ca itthirasoti eke. Yo pana itthiyā oṭṭhamaṃsasammakkhitakheḷādiraso, yo ca tāya purisassa dinnayāgubhattādīnaṃ raso, sabbopeso “itthiraso”tveva veditabbo. Phoṭṭhabbepi ca itthiyā kāyasamphasso, itthisarīrārūḷhānaṃ vatthālaṅkāramālādīnaṃ phasso “itthiphoṭṭhabbo”tveva veditabbo. Ettha ca yesaṃ itthirūpe itthisareti pāḷi, tesaṃ api-saddena itthirasasaṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Itthigandhesūti itthiyā catusamuṭṭhānikagandhāyatanesu. Itthiyā sarīragandho nāma duggandho. Ekaccā hi itthī assagandhinī hoti, ekaccā meṇḍagandhinī, ekaccā sedagandhinī, ekaccā soṇitagandhinī, tathāpi tāsu andhabālo rajjateva. Cakkavattino pana itthiratanassa kāyato candanagandho vāyati, mukhato uppalagandho, ayaṃ na sabbāsaṃ hotīti, itthiyā sarīre ārūḷho āgantuko anulimpanādigandho “itthigandho”ti veditabbo. Sārattoti suṭṭhu ratto gadhito mucchito, idaṃ pana padaṃ “itthirūpe”ti-ādīsupi yojetabbaṃ. Vividhaṃ vindate dukhanti itthirūpādīsu sarāganimittaṃ diṭṭhadhammikaṃ vadhabandhanādivasena samparāyikaṃ pañcavidhabandhanādivasena nānappakāraṃ dukkhaṃ paṭilabhati.

Itthisotāni sabbānīti itthiyā rūpādi-ārammaṇāni sabbāni anavasesāni pañca taṇhāsotāni sandanti. Pañcasūti purisassa pañcasu dvāresu. Tesanti tesaṃ pañcannaṃ sotānaṃ. Āvaraṇanti saṃvaraṇaṃ, yathā asaṃvaro na uppajjati, evaṃ satisampajaññaṃ paccupaṭṭhapetvā saṃvaraṃ pavattetuṃ yo sakkoti, so vīriyavā āraddhavīriyo akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ upasampadāyāti attho.

Evaṃ rūpādigocare pabbajitassa paṭipattiṃ dassetvā idāni gahaṭṭhassa dassetuṃ “so atthavā”ti-ādi vuttaṃ. Tattha so atthavā so dhammaṭṭho, so dakkho so vicakkhaṇoti so puggalo imasmiṃ loke atthavā, buddhimā, dhamme ṭhito, dhamme dakkho, dhamme cheko, analaso vā vicakkhaṇo iti kattabbatāsu kusalo nāma. Kareyya ramamānopi, kiccaṃ dhammatthasaṃhitanti geharatiyā ramamānopi dhammatthasaṃhitaṃ dhammato atthato ca anapetameva taṃ taṃ kattabbaṃ. Anuppannānaṃ bhogānaṃ uppādanaṃ, uppannānaṃ paripālanaṃ, paribhogañca kareyya, aññamaññaṃ, avirodhena, aññamaññaṃ, abādhanena, tivaggatthaṃ anuyuñjeyyāti adhippāyo Ayañca nayo yesaṃ sammāpaṭipatti-avirodhena tivaggatthassa vasena vattati bimbisāramahārājādīnaṃ viya, tesaṃ vasena vutto. Na yesaṃ kesañci vasenāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Atho sīdati saññuttanti yadi idhaloke supasaṃhitaṃ diṭṭhadhammikaṃ atthaṃ pariggahetvā ṭhitaṃ. Vajje kiccaṃ niratthakanti samparāyikattharahitaṃ anatthupasaṃhitaṃ kiccaṃ sacepi vissajjeyya pariccajeyya. Na taṃ kiccanti maññitvā, appamatto vicakkhaṇoti sati-avippavāsena appamatto vicāraṇapaññāsambhavena vicakkhaṇo anatthupasaṃhitaṃ, taṃ kiccaṃ mayā na kātabbanti maññitvā vivajjeyya.

Vivajjetvā pana yañca atthena saññuttaṃ, yā ca dhammagatā rati. Taṃ samādāya vattethāti yaṃkiñci diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikappabhedena atthena hitena saṃyuttaṃ tadubhayahitāvahaṃ, yā ca adhikusaladhammagatā samathavipassanāsahitā rati, tadubhayaṃ sammā ādiyitvā pariggahaṃ katvā vatteyya. “Sabbaṃ ratiṃ dhammarati jinātī”ti (dha. pa. 354) vacanato sā hi ekaṃsena uttamatthassa pāpanato uttamā rati nāma.

Yaṃ pana kāmaratisaṃyuttaṃ kiccaṃ niratthakanti vuttaṃ, tassā anatthupasaṃhitabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ “uccāvacehī”ti-ādi vuttaṃ. Tattha uccāvacehīti mahantehi ceva khuddakehi ca. Upāyehīti nayehi. Paresamabhijigīsatīti paresaṃ santakaṃ āharituṃ icchati, pare vā sabbathā hāpeti, jināpeti paraṃ hantvā, vadhitvā atha socayitvā, ālopati sāhasā yo paresaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti– yo puggalo kāmahetu pare hananto, ghātento, socento sandhicchedasandhiruhanapasayhāvahārādīhi nānupāyehi paresaṃ santakaṃ harituṃ vāyamanto sāhasākāraṃ karoti, ālopati, jigīsati sāpateyyavasena pare hāpeti, tassa taṃ kiccaṃ kāmaratisannissitaṃ anatthupasaṃhitaṃ ekantanihīnanti. Etena tappaṭipakkhato dhammagatāya ratiyā ekaṃsato uttamabhāvaṃyeva vibhāveti.

Idāni yaṃ “tesamāvaraṇaṃ kātuṃ yo sakkotī”ti indriyānaṃ āvaraṇaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ upāyena saha vibhāvento “tacchanto āṇiyā āṇiṃ nihanti balavā yathā”ti āha. Yathā balavā kāyabalena, ñāṇabalena ca samannāgato tacchako rukkhadaṇḍagataṃ āṇiṃ nīharitukāmo tato balavatiṃ āṇiṃ koṭento tato nīharati, tathā kusalo bhikkhu cakkhādīni indriyāni vipassanābalena nihantukāmo indriyehi eva nihanti.

Katamehi panāti āha “saddhan”ti-ādi. Tassattho– adhimokkhalakkhaṇaṃ saddhaṃ, paggahalakkhaṇaṃ vīriyaṃ, avikkhepalakkhaṇaṃ samādhiṃ, upaṭṭhānalakkhaṇaṃ satiṃ, dassanalakkhaṇaṃ paññanti imānipi vimuttiparipācakāni pañcindriyāni bhāvento vaḍḍhento etehi pañcahi indriyehi cakkhādīni pañcindriyāni anunayapaṭighādikilesuppattiyā dvārabhāvavihanena hantvā, ariyamaggena tadupanissaye kilese samucchinditvā, tato eva anīgho niddukkho brāhmaṇo anupādisesaparinibbānameva yāti upagacchatīti.

So atthavāti so yathāvutto brāhmaṇo uttamatthena samannāgatattā atthavā, taṃ sampāpake dhamme ṭhitattā dhammaṭṭho. Sabbena sabbaṃ anavasesena vidhinā anavasesaṃ buddhassa bhagavato vākyabhūtaṃ anusāsaniṃ katvā yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjitvā ṭhito. Tato eva so naro uttamapuriso nibbānasukhañca edhati, brūheti, vaḍḍhetīti.

Evaṃ therena attano cintitākāravibhāvanāvasena paṭipattiyā pakāsitattā idameva cassa aññābyākaraṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Pārāpariyattheragāthāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.