He who with
trusting heart takes a
Buddha as his guide, and the Truth,
and the Order...When a man with trusting heart takes
upon himself the precepts ... that is a
sacrifice better than open largesse, better
than giving perpetual alms, better than the
gift of dwelling places, better than
accepting guidance.
Digha Nikaya V - 145, 146
I
WOULD
LIKE TO SAY a few words about the uses of conventional religion. Of course, I
am only speaking from my own experience as a Buddhist monk, although I would say
that in this respect one can recognise the values of religious convention in whatever
form.
Nowadays there is a tendency to think that religious convention and form are no
longer necessary. There is a kind of hope that, if you can just be mindful and
know yourself, then that is all you need to do. Anyhow, that is how we would like
it, isn't it? Just be mindful throughout the day, throughout the night, whatever
you are doing; drinking your whisky, smoking your marijuana cigarette, picking
a safe open, mugging someone you met in Soho – as long as it's done mindfully,
it's all right.
There is a brilliant Buddhist philosopher in Thailand who is quite old now, but
I went to stay at his monastery a few years ago. I was coming from Ajahn Chah's
monastery, so I asked him about the Vinaya – the rules of the monastic
order – and how important these were in the practice of meditation and enlightenment.
'Well,' he said, 'only mindfulness - that's all you need. Just be mindful, and
everything is all right, you know. Don't worry about those other things.'
And I thought: 'That sounds great, but I wonder why Ajahn Chah emphasises all
these rules?'
I had great
respect for Ajahn Chah, so when I went back I told him what the philosopher-bhikkhu
had told me. Ajahn Chah said, 'That's "true", but it's not "right" [See Note
1]
Now we are prone to having blind attachments, aren't we? For example, say you're
locked up in a foul, stinking prison cell and the Buddha comes and says, 'Here's
the key. All you have to do is take it and put it in the hole there underneath
the door handle, turn it to the right, turn the handle, open the door, walk out,
and you're free.'... But you might be so used to being locked up in prison that
you didn't quite understand the directions and you say, 'Oh, the Lord has given
me this key' – and you hang it on the wall and pray to it every day. It
might make your stay in prison a little more happy; you might be able to endure
all the hardships and the stench of your foul-smelling cell a little better, but
you're still in the cell because you haven't understood that it wasn't the key
in itself that was going to save you. Due to lack of intelligence and understanding,
you just grasped the key blindly. That's what happens in all religion: we just
grasp the key, to worship it, pray to it ... but we don't actually learn to use
it.
So then the next time the Buddha comes and says, 'Here's the key', you might be
disillusioned and say, 'I don't believe any of this. I've been praying for years
to that key and not a thing has happened! That Buddha is a liar!' And you take
the key and throw it out of the window. That's the other extreme, isn't it? But
you're still in the prison cell – so that hasn't solved the problem either.
Anyway, a few years later the Buddha comes again and says, 'Here's the key,' and this time you're a
little more wise and you recognise the possibility of using it effectively, so you listen a little more
closely, do the right thing and get out.
The key is like religious convention, like Theravada Buddhism: it's only a key,
only a form – it's not an end in itself. We have to consider, to contemplate
how to use it. What is it for? We also have to expend the energy to get up, walk
over to the door, insert the key into the lock, turn it in the right direction,
turn the knob, open the door and walk out. The key is not going to do that for
us; it's something we have to comprehend for ourselves. The convention itself
cannot do it because it's not capable of making the effort; it doesn't have the
vigour or anything of its own other than that which you put into it – just
like the key can't do anything for itself. Its usefulness depends on your efforts
and wisdom.
Some modern day religious leaders tend to say, 'Don't have anything to do with
any religious convention. They're all like the walls of prison cells' –
and they seem to think that maybe the way is to just get rid of the key. Now if
you're already outside the cell, of course you don't need the key. But if you're
still inside, then it does help a bit!
So I think you have to know whether you're in or out; then you'll know what to
do. If you still find you're full of doubt, uncertainty, fear, confusion –
mainly doubt is the real sign – if you're unsure of where you are, what
to do or how to do anything; if you're unsure of how to get out of the prison
cell then the wisest thing to do, rather than throwing away keys, or just collecting
them, is to take one key and figure out how to use it. That's what we mean by
meditation practice. The practice of the Dhamma is learning to take a particular
key and use it to open the door and walk out. Once you're out, then you know.
There's no more doubt.
Now, we can start from the high kind of attitude that mindfulness is enough - but then what do we mean
by that? What is mindfulness, really? Is it actually what we believe it to be? We see people who say,
'I'm being very mindful,' and they're doing something in a very methodical, meticulous way. They're
taking in each bite of food and they're lifting, lifting, lifting; chewing, chewing, chewing;
swallowing, swallowing, swallowing....
So you think, 'He eats very mindfully, doesn't he?', but he may not be mindful at all, actually. He's
just doing it in a very concentrated way: he's concentrating on lifting, on touching, on chewing and on
swallowing. We confuse mindfulness with concentration.
Like robbing a bank: we think, 'Well, if you rob a bank mindfully, it's all right.
I'm very mindful when I rob banks, so there's no kamma [See Note 2].
You have to have good powers of concentration to be a good bank robber. You have
to have mindfulness in the sense of fear conditions, of being aware of dangers
and possibilities – a mind that's on the alert for any kind of movement
or sign of danger or threat ... and then concentrating your mind on breaking the
safe open and so forth.
But in the Buddhist sense, mindfulness – sati – is always combined
with wisdom – pañña. Sati-sampajañña and sati-pañña:
they use those two words together in Thailand. They mean, 'mindfulness and clear
comprehension' and 'mindfulness-wisdom'. So I might have an impulse to rob a bank
- 'I need some money so I'll go rob the National Westminster Bank' – but
the sati-pañña says, 'No, don't act on that impulse!' Pañña
recognises the bad result if I acted on such an impulse, the kammic result; it
confers the understanding that such a thing is wrong, not right to do.
So there's full comprehension of that impulse, knowing it as just an impulse and
not-self, so that even though I might have the desire to rob a bank, I'm not going
to make neurotic problems for myself out of worrying about those criminal tendencies.
One recognises that there is just an impulse in the mind that one refrains from
acting upon. Then one has a standard of virtue – sila – always as
a conventional foundation for living in the human form in this society, with other
beings, within this material world – a standard or guideline for both action
and non-action.
The Five Precepts consist of not killing; not stealing; refraining from wrong kinds of sexual
activities; not lying or indulging in false speech; and not taking drink or drugs that change
consciousness. These are the guidelines for sila.
Now, sila in Buddhism isn't a rigid, inflexible kind of standard in which you're
condemned to hell if you in any way modify anything whatsoever – as you
have in that rigid, hard morality we all associate with Victorian times. We all
fear the prudish, puritanical morality that used to exist, so that sometimes when
you say the word 'morality' now everybody shudders and thinks, 'Ugh, Victorian
prude! He's probably some terrible moralistic person who's afraid of life. We
have to go out and experience life. We don't want morality – we want experience!'
So you see people going out and doing all kinds of things, thinking that experience
in itself is all that's necessary. But there are some experiences which it's actually
better not to have – especially if they're against the ordinary interpretation
of the Five Precepts.
For example, you might say, 'I really want to experience murdering someone because my education in life
won't be complete until I have. My freedom to act spontaneously will be inhibited until I actually
experience murder.'
Some people might believe that ... well perhaps not so much for murder, because
that's a really heavy one – but they do for other things. They do everything
they desire to do and have no standard for saying 'No'.
'Don't ever say "no" to anything,' they say. 'Just say "yes" – go out and
do it and be mindful of it, learn from it.... Experience everything!'
If you do that, you'll find yourself rather jaded, worn out, confused, miserable,
and wretched, even at a very young age. When you see some of the pathetic cases
I've seen – young people who went out and 'experienced everything' –
and you say, 'How old are you? Forty?' And they say, 'No, actually, I'm twenty-one.'
It sounds good, doesn't it? 'Do everything you desire' - that's what we'd like to hear. I would. It
would be nice to do everything I desire, never have to say 'No'. But then in a few years you also begin
to reflect that desires have no end. What you desire now, you want something more than that next time,
and there's no end to it. You might be temporarily gratified, like when you eat too much food and can't
stand to eat another bite; then you look at the most delicious gourmet preparations and you say, 'Oh,
disgusting!' But it's only momentary revulsion and it doesn't take long before they start looking all
right again.
In Thailand, Buddhism is an extremely tolerant kind of religion; moralistic attitudes have never really
developed there. This is why people are sometimes upset when they go to Bangkok and hear horrendous
stories of child prostitution and corruption and so on. Bangkok is the Sin City of the world these
days. You say 'Bangkok', and everybody's eyes either light up or else they look terribly upset and say:
'How can a Buddhist country allow such terrible things to go on?'
But then, knowing Thailand, one recognises that, although they may be a bit lax and loose on some
levels, at least there isn't the kind of militant cruelty there that you find in some other countries
where they line all the prostitutes up and shoot them, and kill all the criminals in the name of their
religion. In Thailand one begins to appreciate that morality really has to come from wisdom, not from
fear.
So some Thai monks will teach morality on a less strict basis than others. In
the matter of the first precept, non-killing, I know a monk who lives on the coast
of the gulf of Thailand in an area where there are a lot of pirates and fishermen,
who are a very rough, crude kind of people. Murder is quite common among them.
So this monk just tries to encourage them not to kill each other. When these people
come to the monastery, he doesn't go round raising non-killing to the level of
'You shouldn't kill anything – not even a mosquito larva' because they couldn't
accept that. Their livelihood depends very much on fishing and the killing of
animals.
What I'm presenting isn't morality on a rigid standard or that's too difficult
to keep, but rather for you to reflect upon and use so that you begin to understand
it, and understand how to live in a better way. If you start out taking too strict
a position, you either become very moralistic, puritanical, and attached, or else
you think you can't do it, so you don't bother – you have no standard at
all.
Now the second precept is refraining from stealing. On the coarsest level, say, you just refrain from
robbing banks, shop-lifting, and things like that. But then if you refine your sila more, you refrain
from taking things which have not been given to you. As monks, we refrain even from touching things
that are not given to us. If we go into your home, we're not supposed to go around picking up and
looking at things, even though we have no intention of taking them away with us. Even food has to be
offered directly to us: if you set it down and say, 'This is for you,' if we stick to our rules, we're
not supposed to eat it until you offer it directly to us. That's a refinement of the precept to not
take anything that's not been given.
So there's the coarse aspect of just refraining from the grosser things, like
theft or burglary; and a more refined training – a way of training yourself.
I find this a very helpful monastic rule, because I was quite heedless as a layman.
Somebody would invite me to their home, and I'd be looking at this, looking at
that, touching this; going into shops, I'd pick up this and that – I didn't
even know that it was wrong or might annoy anybody. It was a habit. And then when
I was ordained as a monk, I couldn't do that any more, and I'd sit there and feel
this impulse to look at this and pick that up – but I'd have these precepts
saying I couldn't do that.... And with food: somebody would put food down and
I'd just grab it and start eating.
But through the monastic training you develop a much more graceful way of behaving. Then you sit down,
and after a while you don't feel the urge to pick up things or grab hold of them. You can wait. And
then people can offer, which is much more beautiful way of relating to things around you and to other
people than habitually grabbing, touching, eating and so on.
Then there's the third precept, about sexuality. The idea at the present time
is that any old kind of sexuality is experience, so it's all right to do –
just so long as you're mindful! And somehow, not having sexual relations is seen
as some kind of terrible perversity.
On the coarsest level, this precept means refraining from adultery: from being unfaithful to your
spouse. But then you can refine that within marriage to where you are becoming more considerate, less
exploitive, less obsessed with sexuality, so you're no longer using it merely for bodily
pleasure.
You can in fact, refine it right down to celibacy, to where you are living like a Buddhist monk and no
kind of sexual activity is allowed. This is the range, you see, within the precepts.
A lot of people think that the celibate monastic life must be a terrible repression. But it's not,
because sexual urges are fully accepted and understood as being natural urges, only they're not acted
upon. You can't help having sexual desires. You can't say, 'I wont have any more of that kind of
desire. . . .' Well you can say it, but you still do! If you're a monk and you think you shouldn't have
anything like that then you become a very frightened and repressed kind of monk.
I've heard some monks say: 'I'm just not worthy of the robe. People shouldn't
give me alms food. I'll have to disrobe because I've got so many bad thoughts
going through my mind.' The robe doesn't care about your thoughts! Don't make
a problem out of it. We all have nasty thoughts going through our minds when we're
in these robes just like everybody else. But we train ourselves not to speak or
act upon them. When we've taken the Patimokkha discipline, we accept those things,
recognise them, are fully conscious of them, and let them go – and they
cease. Then, after a while, one finds a great peacefulness in one's mind as a
result of the celibate life.
Sexual life, on the other hand, is very exciting. If you're really upset, frightened, bored or
restless, then your mind very easily goes into sexual fantasies. Violence is very exciting, too, so
often sex and violence are put together, as in rape and things of that nature. People like to look at
those things at the cinema. If they made a film about a celibate monk keeping the discipline, very few
people would appreciate that! It would be a very boring film. But if they made a film about a monk who
breaks all the precepts, they'd make a fortune!
The fourth precept is on speech. On the coarsest level, if you're a big liar, say, just keep this
precept by refraining from telling big lies. If you take that precept, then at least every time you
tell a big lie you'd know it, wouldn't you? But if you don't take any precept, sometimes you can tell
big lies and not even know you're doing it. It becomes a habit.
If you refine this from the coarse position, you learn to speak and use communication in a very careful
and responsible way. You're not just chattering, babbling, gossiping, exaggerating; you're not being
terribly clever or using speech to hurt or insult or disparage other people in any intentional way. You
begin to recognise how very deeply we do affect one another with the things we say. We can ruin whole
days for each other by saying unkind things.
The fifth precept is refraining from alcoholic drinks and drugs which change consciousness.
Now that can be on the level of just refraining from drunkenness – that's
what everybody likes to think it means! But then the sober side of you says maybe
you shouldn't have a drink of any kind; not even a glass of wine with your dinner.
It's a standard to reflect upon and use.
If you've committed yourself to these precepts, then you know when you've broken
them. So they're guidelines to being a little more alert, a little more awake
and also more responsible about how you live. If we don't have standards, then
we just tend to do what we feel like doing, or what someone else feels like doing.
I have a very natural kind of moral nature. I've never really liked being immoral. But when I lived in
Berkeley, California, because the more clever, intelligent and experienced beings around me that I
greatly admired seemed to fully commend immoralities, I thought: 'Well, maybe I should do that too!'
Certainly, when you're looking up to somebody, you want to be like them. I got myself into a terrible
mess, because people can be very convincing. They can make murder sound like a sacred act!
So sila is a guide, a way of anchoring yourself in refraining from unskillful
actions with your body and speech, both in regard to yourself and to the other
beings around you. It's not a kind of absolute standard. I'm not telling you that
if you kill a worm in your garden you'll be reborn in the next 10,000 lifetimes
as a worm in order to frighten you into not killing. There's no wisdom in that.
If you're just conditioned, then you're just doing it because you're afraid you'll
go to hell. You wouldn't really understand; you've not reflected and watched and
really used your wisdom to observe how things are.
If you're frightened of action and speech then you'll just become neurotic; but, on the other hand, if
you're not frightened enough and think you can do anything, then you'll also become confused and
neurotic!
Sigmund Freud had all kinds of people coming to him with terrible hang-ups and,
as sexual repression was the ordinary thing in Europe and America at the time,
he thought: 'Well, if we just stop repressing, then we won't have these problems
any more. We'll become free, happy, well-integrated personalities.' But nowadays
there's no restriction – and you still get hysterical, miserable, neurotic
people! So it's obvious that these are two extremes springing from a lack of mindfulness
in regard to the natural condition of sexuality.
We have to recognise both what's exciting and what's calming. Buddhist meditation
– why is this so boring? Repetitions and chanting ... why don't we sing
arias? I could do it! I've always wanted to be an opera singer. But on the conventional
level of propriety, or when I'm sitting on the teacher's high seat doing my duty,
then I chant in monotone as best I can. If you really concentrate on monotone
chanting, it's tranquillising.
One night, we were sitting in our forest monastery in Thailand meditating, when I heard an American pop
song that I really hated when I was a layman. It was being blasted out by one of those medicine sellers
who go to all the villages in big vans with loudspeakers that play this kind of music in order to
attract the villagers to come and buy their quacky medicines. The wind was blowing in the right
direction and the sound of 'Tell Laura I Love Her' seemed right here in the meditation hall itself. I
hadn't heard American pop music for so many years, so while this smarmy sentimental song was playing I
was actually beginning to cry! And I began to recognise the tremendous emotional pull of that kind of
music. If you don't really understand it, it grabs your heart and you get caught up in the excitement
and emotion of it. This is the effect of music when you're not mindful.
So our chanting is in monotone, because if you concentrate on it it's not going
to carry you away into sentimental feelings, into tears or ecstasy. Instead, you
feet tranquil, peaceful, serene. Anapanasati [See
Note 3] also tranquillises, because it has a gentle rhythm –
subtle, not exciting. And though the monastic life itself is boring in the sense
of lacking romance, adventure and excitement, it is tranquillising, peaceful,
calming....
Therefore, reflect in your life upon what excites and what calms, so that you
begin to understand how to use Pañña: your wisdom faculty. As Buddhists,
we do this so that we know what's affecting us. We understand the forces of nature
with which we have to co-exist. We can't control everything so that nothing violent
or exciting ever happens around us – but we can understand it. We can put
forward some effort towards understanding and learning from our lives as we live
them.
Notes.
1. That is to say, although the statement is quite correct, taken out of context it could be used - as
this talk points out - to justify any action. Similarly, the meticulous 'mindfulness practice'
described later can also be used unskilfully. Ajahn Sumedho is not criticising these views, but
pointing to the danger of attaching to any view.
2. kamma: action which comes from habitual impulse,
volitions, or natural energies, leading to an inevitable reaction. See also 'Kamma and
Rebirth'.
3. 'anapanasati': a widely used meditation technique.
One composes the mind by focussing attention on the inhalation and exhalation of breath.