The country of Central India which was the birthplace of Buddhism and the region of its early activities. It extended in the east to the town of Kajangala, beyond which was Mahásála; on the south-east to the river Salalavatí; on the south west to the town of Satakannika; on the west to the brahmin village of Thúna; on the north to the Usiraddhaja Mountain.
Vin.i.197; J.i.49, 80; Mbv.12; Dvy.21f, extends the eastern boundary to include Pundavardhana, roughly identical with North Bengal. It is interesting to note that in early Brahminical literature (e.g. the Dharmasútra of Baudháyana), Áryávarta, which is practically identical with what came to be called Madhyadesa, is described as lying to the east of the region where the Sarasvatí disappears, to the west of the Kálakavana, to the north of Páripátra, and to the south of the Himálaya. This excludes the whole of Magadha (Baudháyana i. 1, 2, 9, etc.).
It is also noteworthy that in the Commentaries the Majjhimadesa is extended to include the whole of Jambudípa, the other continents being Paccantima-janapadá. The term came also to be used in a generic sense. Thus, in Ceylon (Tambapannidípa) Anurádhapura came to be called the Majjhimadesa (AA.i.165).
The Majjhimadesa was three hundred yojanas in length, two hundred and fifty in breadth, and nine hundred in circumference (DA.i.173). It contained fourteen of the sixteen Mahájanapadas, that is to say all but Gandhára and Kamboja, which belonged to the Uttarápatha.
The people of Majjhimadesa were regarded as wise and virtuous (J.iii.115, 116). It was the birthplace of noble men (purisájaníyá) including the Buddhas (DhA.iii.248; AA.i.265), and all kinds of marvellous things happened there (SNA.i.197). The people of Majjhimadesa considered peacocks' flesh a luxury. VibhA.10.