Index 

Lesson II

A. Declension of Nouns ending in " a "

(contd.)

Nara

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Instrumental

narena
by or with a man

narebhi, narehi
by or with men

Dative

naràya,* narassa
to or for a man

narànaü
to or for men

Terminations

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Instrumental

ena**

ebhi,** ehi**

Dative

àya, ssa

naü***

* This form is not frequently used.

** The Instrumental case is also used to express the Auxiliary case (Tatiyà).

*** The vowel preceding " naü " is always long.

Masculine Substantives :

î dara

esteem, care, affection

î hàra

food

Daõóa

stick

Dàsa

slave, servant

Gilàna

sick person

Hattha

hand

Osadha

medicine

Ratha

cart, chariot

Samaõa

holy man, ascetic

Sunakha

dog

Vejja

Doctor, physician

B. Conjugation of Verbs

PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE (contd.)

 

2nd person terminations

SINGULAR PLURAL

si tha

 

2nd person SING. Tvaü pacasi, you cook, you are cooking*

2nd person PLU. Tumhe pacatha, you cook, you are cooking

 

* "Thou cookest, or thou art cooking." In translation, unless specially used for archaic or poetic reasons, it is more usual to use the plural forms of modern English.

Verbs :

Deseti

(disa)

preaches

Deti

(dà)

gives

Harati

(hara)

carries

âharati

(hara with à*)

brings

Nãharati

(hara with nã*)

removes

Paharati

(hara with pa*)

strikes

Gacchati

(gamu)

goes

âgacchati

(gamu with à)

comes

Labhati

(labha)

gest, receives

Peseti

(pesa)

sends

* à, nã, pa, etc. are Prefixes (upasagga) which when attached to nouns and verbs, modify their original sense.

Illustrations:

1. Dàsena (instr. s.)
with the slave

gacchati
he goes

2. Vejjebhi (instr pl.)
by means of doctors

labhasi
you obtain

3. Sunakhassa (dat. s.)
to the dog

desi
you give

4. Samaõànaü (dat. pl.)
to the ascetics

pesetha
you send

Exercise ii

A

  1. Tvaü rathena gacchasi.
  2. Tvaü àdarena Dhammaü desesi.
  3. Tvaü gilànassa osadhaü desi.
  4. Tvaü. daõóena sunakhaü paharasi.
  5. Tvaü vejjànaü rathe pesesi.
  6. Tumhe àdarena gilànànaü àhàraü detha.
  7. Tumhe dàsehi gàmaü* gacchatha.
  8. Tumhe samanànaü dhammaü desetha.
  9. Tumhe hatthehi osadhaü labhatha.
  10. Tumhe sunakhassa àhàraü hratha.
  11. Dàrakà sunakhehi gàmaü gacchanti.
  12. Sådà hatthehi ghañe dhovanti.
  13. Tumhe gilàne vejjassa pesetha.
  14. Dàso janakassa àhàraü àharati.
  15. Samaõà àdarena dhammaü desenti.
  16. Tumhe daõóehi sunakhe paharatha.
  17. Vejjo rathena gàmaü àgacchati.
  18. Dàrakà àdarena yàcakànaü àhàraü denti.
  19. Tvaü samaõehi Buddhaü vandasi.
  20. Tumhe hatthehi osadhaü nãharatha.

* Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.

B

  1. You are coming with the dog.
  2. You are giving medicine to the ascetic.
  3. You are sending a chariot to the sick person.
  4. You are striking the dogs with sticks.
  5. You are preaching the Doctrine to the ascetics.
  6. You give food to the servants with care.
  7. You are going to the village with the ascetics.
  8. You are bringing a chariot for the doctor.
  9. The sick are going with the servants.
  10. The dogs are running with the children.
  11. The Enlightened One is preaching the Doctrine to the sick.
  12. The servants are giving food to the beggars.
  13. The father is going with the children to the village.
  14. You are going in a chariot with the servants.
  15. You are carrying medicine for the father.
  16. You get medicine through* the doctor.

* Use the Instrumental case.