1. Ekakanipāto

1. Paṭhamavaggo

1. Lobhasuttavaṇṇanā

1. Idāni ekadhammaṃ, bhikkhave, pajahathāti-ādinā nayena bhagavatā nikkhittassa suttassa vaṇṇanāya okāso anuppatto. Sā panesā atthavaṇṇanā yasmā suttanikkhepaṃ vicāretvā vuccamānā pākaṭā hoti, tasmā suttanikkhepaṃ tāva vicāressāma. Cattāro hi suttanikkhepā– attajjhāsayo, parajjhāsayo, pucchāvasiko, aṭṭhuppattikoti. Yathā hi anekasata-anekasahassabhedānipi suttantāni saṃkilesabhāgiyādipaṭṭhānanayena soḷasavidhataṃ nātivattanti, evaṃ attajjhāsayādisuttanikkhepavasena catubbidhataṃ nātivattantīti. Tattha yathā attajjhāsayassa aṭṭhuppattiyā ca parajjhāsayapucchāvasikehi saddhiṃ saṃsaggabhedo sambhavati attajjhāsayo ca parajjhāsayo ca, attajjhāsayo ca pucchāvasiko ca, aṭṭhuppattiko ca parajjhāsayo ca, aṭṭhuppattiko ca pucchāvasiko cāti ajjhāsayapucchānusandhisambhavato; evaṃ yadipi aṭṭhuppattiyā attajjhāsayenapi saṃsaggabhedo sambhavati, attajjhāsayādīhi pana purato ṭhitehi aṭṭhuppattiyā saṃsaggo natthīti niravaseso paṭṭhānanayo na sambhavati. Tadantogadhattā vā sambhavantānaṃ sesanikkhepānaṃ mūlanikkhepavasena cattāro suttanikkhepā vuttāti veditabbaṃ.

Tatrāyaṃ vacanattho– nikkhipīyatīti nikkhepo, suttaṃ eva nikkhepo suttanikkhepo. Atha vā nikkhipanaṃ nikkhepo, suttassa nikkhepo suttanikkhepo, suttadesanāti attho. Attano ajjhāsayo attajjhāsayo, so assa atthi kāraṇabhūtoti attajjhāsayo, attano ajjhāsayo etassāti vā attajjhāsayo. Parajjhāsayepi eseva nayo. Pucchāya vasoti pucchāvaso. So etassa atthīti pucchāvasiko. Suttadesanāya vatthubhūtassa atthassa uppatti atthuppatti atthuppatti eva aṭṭhuppatti tha-kārassa ṭha-kāraṃ katvā, sā etassa atthīti aṭṭhuppattiko Atha vā nikkhipīyati suttaṃ etenāti nikkhepo, attajjhāsayādi eva. Etasmiṃ pana atthavikappe attano ajjhāsayo attajjhāsayo. Paresaṃ ajjhāsayo parajjhāsayo. Pucchīyatīti pucchā, pucchitabbo attho, pucchāvasena pavattaṃ dhammappaṭiggāhakānaṃ vacanaṃ pucchāvasaṃ, tadeva nikkhepasaddāpekkhāya pucchāvasikoti pulliṅgavasena vuttaṃ. Tathā aṭṭhuppatti eva aṭṭhuppattikoti evamettha attho veditabbo.

Apica paresaṃ indriyaparipākādikāraṇanirapekkhattā attajjhāsayassa visuṃ suttanikkhepabhāvo yutto, kevalaṃ attano ajjhāsayeneva dhammatantiṭhapanatthaṃ pavattitadesanattā. Parajjhāsayapucchāvasikānaṃ pana paresaṃ ajjhāsayapucchānaṃ desanāpavattihetubhūtānaṃ uppattiyaṃ pavattitānaṃ kathaṃ aṭṭhuppattiyaṃ anavarodho, pucchāvasikaṭṭhuppattikānaṃ vā parajjhāsayānurodhena pavattitānaṃ kathaṃ parajjhāsaye anavarodhoti? Na codetabbametaṃ. Paresañhi abhinīhāraparipucchādivinimuttasseva suttadesanākāraṇuppādassa aṭṭhuppattibhāvena gahitattā parajjhāsayapucchāvasikānaṃ visuṃ gahaṇaṃ. Tathā hi brahmajāladhammadāyādasuttādīnaṃ (dī. na. 1.1 ādayo) vaṇṇāvaṇṇa-āmisuppādādidesanānimittaṃ aṭṭhuppatti vuccati. Paresaṃ pucchaṃ vinā ajjhāsayameva nimittaṃ katvā desito parajjhāsayo, pucchāvasena desito pucchāvasikoti pākaṭoyamatthoti.

Yāni bhagavā parehi anajjhiṭṭho kevalaṃ attano ajjhāsayeneva katheti, seyyathidaṃ– ākaṅkheyyasuttaṃ, tuvaṭṭakasuttanti-evamādīni (su. ni. 921 ādayo; ma. ni. 1.64 ādayo), tesaṃ attajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Yāni pana “paripakkā kho rāhulassa vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammā, yaṃnūnāhaṃ rāhulaṃ uttariṃ āsavānaṃ khaye vineyyan”ti evaṃ paresaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ khantiṃ abhinīhāraṃ bujjhanabhāvañca oloketvā parajjhāsayavasena kathitāni, seyyathidaṃ– rāhulovādasuttaṃ, dhammacakkappavattanasuttanti-evamādīni (ma. ni. 2.107 ādayo; 3.416 ādayo; saṃ. ni. 3.59; mahāva. 19-20), tesaṃ parajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Bhagavantaṃ pana upasaṅkamitvā devā manussā catasso parisā cattāro vaṇṇā ca tathā tathā pañhaṃ pucchanti “bojjhaṅgā bojjhaṅgāti, bhante, vuccanti, nīvaraṇā nīvaraṇāti vuccantī”ti-ādinā evaṃ puṭṭhena bhagavatā yāni kathitāni bojjhaṅgasaṃyuttādīni (saṃ. ni. 5.186) tesaṃ pucchāvasiko nikkhepo.

Yāni pana tāni uppannaṃ kāraṇaṃ paṭicca kathitāni, seyyathidaṃ– dhammadāyādaṃ, puttamaṃsūpamaṃ, dārukkhandhūpamanti-evamādīni (ma. ni. 1.29; saṃ. ni. 2.63), tesaṃ aṭṭhuppattiko nikkhepo.

Evamimesu catūsu suttanikkhepesu imassa suttassa parajjhāsayo nikkhepo. Parajjhāsayavasena hetaṃ nikkhittaṃ. Kesaṃ ajjhāsayena? Lobhe ādīnavadassīnaṃ puggalānaṃ. Keci pana “attajjhāsayo”ti vadanti.

Tattha ekadhammaṃ, bhikkhaveti-ādīsu ekasaddo attheva aññatthe “sassato attā ca loko ca, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti ittheke abhivadantī”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 3.27). Atthi seṭṭhe “cetaso ekodibhāvan”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 1.228; pārā. 11). Atthi asahāye “eko vūpakaṭṭho”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 1.405). Atthi saṅkhāyaṃ “ekova kho, bhikkhave, khaṇo ca samayo ca brahmacariyavāsāyā”ti-ādīsu (a. ni. 8.29). Idhāpi saṅkhāyameva daṭṭhabbo.

Dhamma-saddo pariyattisaccasamādhipaññāpakatipuññāpattisuññatāñeyyasabhāvādīsu dissati. Tathā hissa “idha bhikkhu dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇātī”ti-ādīsu (a. ni. 5.73) pariyatti attho. “Diṭṭhadhammo”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 1.299) saccāni. “Evaṃdhammā te bhagavanto ahesun”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 2.13; 3.142) samādhi. “Saccaṃ dhammo dhiti cāgo, save pecca na socatī”ti-ādīsu (jā. 1.1.57) paññā. “Jātidhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjatī”ti-ādīsu (dī. ni. 2.398) pakati. “Dhammo have rakkhati dhammacārin”ti-ādīsu (jā. 1.10.102) puññaṃ. “Tiṇṇaṃ dhammānaṃ aññatarena vadeyya pārājikena vā saṅghādisesena vā pācittiyena vā”ti-ādīsu (pārā. 444) āpatti. “Tasmiṃ kho pana samaye dhammā hontī”ti-ādīsu (dha. sa. 121) suññatā. “Sabbe dhammā sabbākārena buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇamukhe āpāthaṃ āgacchantī”ti-ādīsu (mahāni. 156; cūḷani. mogharājamāṇavapucchāniddesa 85) ñeyyo. “Kusalā dhammā akusalā dhammā”ti-ādīsu (dha. sa. tikamātikā 1) sabhāvo attho Idhāpi sabhāvo. Tasmā ekadhammanti ekaṃ saṃkilesasabhāvanti adhippāyo. Eko ca so dhammo cāti ekadhammo, taṃ ekadhammaṃ.

Bhikkhaveti bhikkhū ālapati. Kimatthaṃ pana bhagavā dhammaṃ desento bhikkhū ālapati, na dhammameva desetīti? Satijananatthaṃ. Bhikkhū hi aññaṃ cintentāpi dhammaṃ paccavekkhantāpi kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasi karontāpi nisinnā honti. Te paṭhamaṃ anālapitvā dhamme desiyamāne “ayaṃ desanā kiṃnidānā, kiṃpaccayā”ti sallakkhetuṃ na sakkonti. Ālapite pana satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā sallakkhetuṃ sakkonti, tasmā satijananatthaṃ “bhikkhave”ti ālapati. Tena ca tesaṃ bhikkhanasīlatādiguṇayogasiddhena vacanena hīnādhikajanasevitaṃ vuttiṃ pakāsento uddhatadīnabhāvaniggahaṃ karoti. “Bhikkhave”ti iminā karuṇāvipphārasommahadayanayananipātapubbaṅgamena vacanena te attano mukhābhimukhe karonto tena ca kathetukamyatādīpakena vacanena nesaṃ sotukamyataṃ janeti. Teneva ca sambodhanatthena sādhukaṃ savanamanasikārepi niyojeti. Sādhukaṃ savanamanasikārāyattā hi sāsanasampatti.

Aññesupi devamanussesu parisapariyāpannesu vijjamānesu kasmā bhikkhū eva āmantesīti? Jeṭṭhaseṭṭhāsannasadāsannihitabhāvato. Sabbaparisasādhāraṇā hi bhagavato dhammadesanā, parisāya ca jeṭṭhā bhikkhū paṭhamuppannattā, seṭṭhā anagāriyabhāvaṃ ādiṃ katvā satthu cariyānuvidhāyakattā sakalasāsanapaṭiggāhakattā ca, āsannā tattha nisinnesu samīpavuttiyā, sadāsannihitā satthusantikāvacarattā. Apica te dhammadesanāya bhājanaṃ yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipattisabbhāvato, visesato ca ekacce bhikkhū sandhāya ayaṃ desanāti te eva ālapi.

Pajahathāti ettha pahānaṃ nāma tadaṅgappahānaṃ, vikkhambhanappahānaṃ, samucchedappahānaṃ, paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ, nissaraṇappahānanti pañcavidhaṃ. Tattha yaṃ dīpālokeneva tamassa paṭipakkhabhāvato alobhādīhi lobhādikassa, nāmarūpaparicchedādivipassanāñāṇehi tassa tassa anatthassa pahānaṃ. Seyyathidaṃ– pariccāgena lobhādimalassa, sīlena pāṇātipātādidussīlyassa, saddhādīhi assaddhiyādikassa, nāmarūpavavatthānena sakkāyadiṭṭhiyā, paccayapariggahena ahetuvisamahetudiṭṭhīnaṃ, tasseva aparabhāgena kaṅkhāvitaraṇena kathaṃkathībhāvassa, kalāpasammasanena “ahaṃ mamā”ti gāhassa, maggāmaggavavatthānena amagge maggasaññāya, udayadassanena ucchedadiṭṭhiyā, vayadassanena sassatadiṭṭhiyā, bhayadassanena sabhayesu abhayasaññāya, ādīnavadassanena assādasaññāya, nibbidānupassanena abhiratisaññāya, muccitukamyatāñāṇena amuccitukamyatāya upekkhāñāṇena anupekkhāya, anulomena dhammaṭṭhitiyā, nibbānena paṭilomabhāvassa, gotrabhunā saṅkhāranimittaggāhassa pahānaṃ, etaṃ tadaṅgappahānaṃ nāma.

Yaṃ pana upacārappanābhedena samādhinā pavattibhāvanivāraṇato ghaṭappahāreneva udakapiṭṭhe sevālassa tesaṃ tesaṃ nīvaraṇādidhammānaṃ pahānaṃ, etaṃ vikkhambhanappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ catunnaṃ ariyamaggānaṃ bhāvitattā taṃtaṃmaggavato attano santāne “diṭṭhigatānaṃ pahānāyā”ti-ādinā (dha. sa. 277; vibha. 628) nayena vuttassa samudayapakkhiyassa kilesagaṇassa accantaṃ appavattibhāvena samucchindanaṃ, idaṃ samucchedappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ pana phalakkhaṇe paṭippassaddhattaṃ kilesānaṃ, etaṃ paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ pana sabbasaṅkhatanissaṭattā pahīnasabbasaṅkhataṃ nibbānaṃ, etaṃ nissaraṇappahānaṃ nāma. Evaṃ pañcavidhe pahāne anāgāmikabhāvakarassa pahānassa adhippetattā idha samucchedappahānanti veditabbaṃ. Tasmā pajahathāti pariccajatha, samucchindathāti attho.

Ahanti bhagavā attānaṃ niddisati. Voti ayaṃ vosaddo paccatta-upayogakaraṇasāmivacanapadapūraṇasampadānesu dissati. Tathā hi “kacci, pana vo anuruddhā, samaggā sammodamānā”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 1.326) paccatte āgato. “Gacchatha, bhikkhave, paṇāmemi vo”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) upayoge. “Na vo mama santike vatthabban”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) karaṇe. “Sabbesaṃ vo, sāriputta, subhāsitan”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 1.345) sāmivacane. “Ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhakāyakammantā”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 1.35) padapūraṇe. “Vanapatthapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmī”ti-ādīsu (ma. ni. 1.190) sampadāne. Idhāpi sampadāne eva daṭṭhabbo.

Pāṭibhogoti paṭibhū. So hi dhāraṇakaṃ paṭicca dhanikassa, dhanikaṃ paṭicca dhāraṇakassa paṭinidhibhūto dhanikasantakassa tato haraṇādisaṅkhātena bhuñjanena bhogoti paṭibhogo, paṭibhogo eva pāṭibhogo. Anāgāmitāyāti anāgāmibhāvatthāya. Paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena hi kāmabhavassa anāgamanato anāgāmī. Yo yassa dhammassa adhigamena anāgāmīti vuccati, saphalo so tatiyamaggo anāgāmitā nāma. Iti bhagavā veneyyadamanakusalo veneyyajjhāsayānukūlaṃ tatiyamaggādhigamaṃ lahunā upāyena ekadhammapūraṇatāmattena thiraṃ katvā dassesi yathā taṃ sammāsambuddho. Bhinnabhūmikāpi hi paṭighasaṃyojanādayo tatiyamaggavajjhā kilesā kāmarāgappahānaṃ nātivattantīti.