5. Puttasuttavaṇṇanā

74. Pañcame puttāti atrajā orasaputtā, dinnakādayopi vā. Santoti bhavantā saṃvijjamānā lokasminti imasmiṃ loke upalabbhamānā. Atthibhāvena santo, pākaṭabhāvena vijjamānā. Atijātoti attano guṇehi mātāpitaro atikkamitvā jāto, tehi adhikaguṇoti attho. Anujātoti guṇehi mātāpitūnaṃ anurūpo hutvā jāto, tehi samānaguṇoti attho. Avajātoti guṇehi mātāpitūnaṃ adhamo hutvā jāto, tehi hīnaguṇoti attho. Yehi pana guṇehi yutto mātāpitūnaṃ adhiko samo hīnoti ca adhippeto, te vibhajitvā dassetuṃ “kathañca, bhikkhave, putto atijāto hotī”ti kathetukamyatāya pucchaṃ katvā “idha, bhikkhave, puttassā”ti-ādinā niddeso āraddho.

Tattha na buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāti-ādīsu buddhoti sabbadhammesu appaṭihatañāṇanimittānuttaravimokkhādhigamaparibhāvitaṃ khandhasantānaṃ, sabbaññutaññāṇapadaṭṭhānaṃ vā saccābhisambodhiṃ upādāya paññattiko sattātisayo buddho. Yathāha–

“Buddhoti yo so bhagavā sayambhū anācariyako pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃ saccāni abhisambujjhi, tattha ca sabbaññutaṃ patto, balesu ca vasībhāvan”ti (cūḷani. pārāyanatthutigāthāniddesa 97; paṭi. ma. 1.161)–

Ayaṃ tāva atthato buddhavibhāvanā.

Byañjanato pana savāsanāya kilesaniddāya accantavigamena buddhavā paṭibuddhavāti buddho, buddhiyā vā vikasitabhāvena buddhavā vibuddhavāti buddho, bujjhitāti buddho, bodhetāti buddhoti evamādinā nayena veditabbo. Yathāha–

“Bujjhitā saccānīti buddho, bodhetā pajāyāti buddho, sabbaññutāya buddho, sabbadassāvitāya buddho, anaññaneyyatāya buddho, visavitāya buddho, khīṇāsavasaṅkhātena buddho, nirupakkilesasaṅkhātena buddho, ekantavītarāgoti buddho, ekantavītadosoti buddho, ekantavītamohoti buddho, ekantanikkilesoti buddho, ekāyanamaggaṃ gatoti buddho, eko anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti buddho, abuddhivihatattā buddhipaṭilābhāti buddho, buddhoti cetaṃ nāmaṃ na mātarā kataṃ, na pitarā kataṃ, na bhātarā kataṃ, na bhaginiyā kataṃ, na mittāmaccehi kataṃ, na ñātisālohitehi kataṃ, na samaṇabrāhmaṇehi kataṃ, na devatāhi kataṃ, atha kho vimokkhantikametaṃ buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ bodhiyā mūle saha sabbaññutaññāṇassa paṭilābhā sacchikā paññatti, yadidaṃ buddho”ti (cūḷani. pārāyanatthutigāthāniddesa 97; paṭi. ma. 1.162).

Hiṃsatīti saraṇaṃ, sabbaṃ anatthaṃ apāyadukkhaṃ sabbaṃ saṃsāradukkhaṃ hiṃsati vināseti viddhaṃsetīti attho. Saraṇaṃ gatāti “buddho bhagavā amhākaṃ saraṇaṃ gati parāyaṇaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ aghassa hantā hitassa vidhātā”ti iminā adhippāyena buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ gacchāma bhajāma sevāma payirupāsāma. Evaṃ vā jānāma bujjhāmāti evaṃ gatā upagatā buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā. Tappaṭikkhepena na buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā.

Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāti adhigatamagge sacchikatanirodhe yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamāne catūsu apāyesu apatamāne katvā dhāretīti dhammo. So atthato ariyamaggo ceva nibbānañca. Vuttañhetaṃ–

“Yāvatā, bhikkhave, dhammā saṅkhatā, ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo tesaṃ aggamakkhāyatī”ti vitthāro (a. ni. 4.34).

Na kevalañca ariyamagganibbānāni eva, apica kho ariyaphalehi saddhiṃ pariyattidhammo ca. Vuttañhetaṃ chattamāṇavakavimāne–

“Rāgavirāgamanejamasokaṃ,
dhammamasaṅkhatamappaṭikūlaṃ;
madhuramimaṃ paguṇaṃ suvibhattaṃ,
dhammamimaṃ saraṇatthamupehī”ti. (Vi. va. 887).

Tattha hi rāgavirāgoti maggo kathito, anejamasokanti phalaṃ, dhammasaṅkhatanti nibbānaṃ, appaṭikūlaṃ madhuramimaṃ paguṇaṃ suvibhattanti piṭakattayena vibhattā sabbadhammakkhandhā kathitā. Taṃ dhammaṃ vuttanayena saraṇanti gatā dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā. Tappaṭikkhepena na dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā.

Diṭṭhisīlasaṅghātena saṃhatoti saṅgho. So atthato aṭṭha-ariyapuggalasamūho. Vuttañhetaṃ tasmiṃ eva vimāne–

“Yattha ca dinna mahapphalamāhu,
catūsu sucīsu purisayugesu;
aṭṭha ca puggala dhammadasā te,
saṅghamimaṃ saraṇatthamupehī”ti. (Vi. va. 888).

Taṃ saṅghaṃ vuttanayena saraṇanti gatā saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā. Tappaṭikkhepena na saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāti.

Ettha ca saraṇagamanakosallatthaṃ saraṇaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ, yo ca saraṇaṃ gacchati saraṇagamanappabhedo, phalaṃ, saṃkileso, bhedo, vodānanti ayaṃ vidhi veditabbo.

Tattha padatthato tāva hiṃsatīti saraṇaṃ, saraṇagatānaṃ teneva saraṇagamanena bhayaṃ santāsaṃ dukkhaṃ duggatiṃ parikilesaṃ hanati vināsetīti attho, ratanattayassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Atha vā hite pavattanena ahitā nivattanena ca sattānaṃ bhayaṃ hiṃsatīti buddho saraṇaṃ, bhavakantārato uttāraṇena assāsadānena ca dhammo, appakānampi kārānaṃ vipulaphalapaṭilābhakaraṇena saṅgho. Tasmā imināpi pariyāyena ratanattayaṃ saraṇaṃ. Tappasādataggarutāhi vihatakileso tapparāyaṇatākārappavatto cittuppādo saraṇagamanaṃ. Taṃsamaṅgisatto saraṇaṃ gacchati, vuttappakārena cittuppādena “etāni me tīṇi ratanāni saraṇaṃ, etāni parāyaṇan”ti evaṃ upetīti attho. Evaṃ tāva saraṇaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ, yo ca saraṇaṃ gacchatīti idaṃ tayaṃ veditabbaṃ.

Pabhedato pana duvidhaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ– lokiyaṃ, lokuttarañca. Tattha lokuttaraṃ diṭṭhasaccānaṃ maggakkhaṇe saraṇagamanupakkilesasamucchedena ārammaṇato nibbānārammaṇaṃ hutvā kiccato sakalepi ratanattaye ijjhati, lokiyaṃ puthujjanānaṃ saraṇagamanupakkilesavikkhambhanena ārammaṇato buddhādiguṇārammaṇaṃ hutvā ijjhati. Taṃ atthato buddhādīsu vatthūsu saddhāpaṭilābho saddhāmūlikā ca sammādiṭṭhi dasasu puññakiriyavatthūsu diṭṭhijukammanti vuccati.

Tayidaṃ catudhā pavattati– attasanniyyātanena, tapparāyaṇatāya, sissabhāvūpagamanena, paṇipātenāti. Tattha attasanniyyātanaṃ nāma “ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ attānaṃ buddhassa niyyātemi, dhammassa, saṅghassā”ti evaṃ buddhādīnaṃ attapariccajanaṃ. Tapparāyaṇaṃ nāma “ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ buddhaparāyaṇo, dhammaparāyaṇo, saṅghaparāyaṇo iti maṃ dhārehī”ti evaṃ tappaṭisaraṇabhāvo tapparāyaṇatā. Sissabhāvūpagamanaṃ nāma “ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ buddhassa antevāsiko, dhammassa, saṅghassa iti maṃ dhāretū”ti evaṃ sissabhāvassa upagamanaṃ. Paṇipāto nāma “ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ abhivādanapaccuṭṭhāna-añjalikammasāmīcikammaṃ buddhādīnaṃ eva tiṇṇaṃ vatthūnaṃ karomi iti maṃ dhāretū”ti evaṃ buddhādīsu paramanipaccakāro. Imesañhi catunnaṃ ākārānaṃ aññataraṃ karontena gahitaṃ eva hoti saraṇagamanaṃ.

Apica “bhagavato attānaṃ pariccajāmi, dhammassa, saṅghassa attānaṃ pariccajāmi, jīvitaṃ pariccajāmi, pariccatto eva me attā jīvitañca, jīvitapariyantikaṃ buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi, buddho me saraṇaṃ tāṇaṃ leṇan”ti evampi attasanniyyātanaṃ veditabbaṃ. “Satthārañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ, bhagavantameva passeyyaṃ; sugatañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ, bhagavantameva passeyyaṃ; sammāsambuddhañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ; bhagavantameva passeyyan”ti (saṃ. ni. 2.154) evaṃ mahākassapattherassa saraṇagamanaṃ viya sissabhāvūpagamanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.

“So ahaṃ vicarissāmi, gāmā gāmaṃ purā puraṃ;
namassamāno sambuddhaṃ, dhammassa ca sudhammatan”ti. (Saṃ. ni. 1.246; su. ni. 194)–

Evaṃ āḷavakādīnaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ viya tapparāyaṇatā veditabbā. “Atha kho, brahmāyu, brāhmaṇo uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā bhagavato pādesu sirasā nipatitvā bhagavato pādāni mukhena ca paricumbati, pāṇīhi ca parisambāhati, nāmañca sāveti ‘brahmāyu ahaṃ, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo, brahmāyu ahaṃ, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo”’ti (ma. ni. 2.394) evaṃ paṇipāto daṭṭhabbo.

So panesa ñātibhayācariyadakkhiṇeyyavasena catubbidho hoti. Tattha dakkhiṇeyyapaṇipātena saraṇagamanaṃ hoti, na itarehi. Seṭṭhavaseneva hi saraṇaṃ gayhati, seṭṭhavasena bhijjati. Tasmā yo “ayameva loke sabbasattuttamo aggadakkhiṇeyyo”ti vandati, teneva saraṇaṃ gahitaṃ hoti, na ñātibhayācariyasaññāya vandantena. Evaṃ gahitasaraṇassa upāsakassa vā upāsikāya vā aññatitthiyesu pabbajitampi “ñātako me ayan”ti vandato saraṇaṃ na bhijjati, pageva apabbajitaṃ. Tathā rājānaṃ bhayena vandato. So hi raṭṭhapūjitattā avandiyamāno anatthampi kareyyāti. Tathā yaṃkiñci sippaṃ sikkhāpakaṃ titthiyampi “ācariyo me ayan”ti vandatopi na bhijjati. Evaṃ saraṇagamanassa pabhedo veditabbo.

Ettha ca lokuttarassa saraṇagamanassa cattāri sāmaññaphalāni vipākaphalaṃ, sabbadukkhakkhayo ānisaṃsaphalaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ–

“Yo ca buddhañca dhammañca, saṅghañca saraṇaṃ gato;
cattāri ariyasaccāni, sammappaññāya passati.
“Dukkhaṃ dukkhasamuppādaṃ, dukkhassa ca atikkamaṃ;
ariyaṃ caṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ.
“Etaṃ kho saraṇaṃ khemaṃ, etaṃ saraṇamuttamaṃ;
etaṃ saraṇamāgamma, sabbadukkhā pamuccatī”ti. (Dha. pa. 190-192).

Apica niccato anupagamanādīnipi etassa ānisaṃsaphalaṃ veditabbaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ–

“Aṭṭhānametaṃ, bhikkhave, anavakāso, yaṃ diṭṭhisampanno puggalo kañci saṅkhāraṃ niccato upagaccheyya, sukhato upagaccheyya, kañci dhammaṃ attato upagaccheyya, mātaraṃ jīvitā voropeyya, pitaraṃ jīvitā voropeyya, arahantaṃ jīvitā voropeyya, duṭṭhacitto tathāgatassa lohitaṃ uppādeyya, saṅghaṃ bhindeyya, aññaṃ satthāraṃ uddiseyya netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjatī”ti (ma. ni. 3.127-128; a. ni. 1.268-276; vibha. 809).

Lokiyassa pana saraṇagamanassa bhavasampadāpi bhogasampadāpi phalameva. Vuttañhetaṃ–

“Ye keci buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāse,
na te gamissanti apāyabhūmiṃ;
pahāya mānusaṃ dehaṃ,
devakāyaṃ paripūressantī”ti. (Saṃ. ni. 1.37).

Aparampi vuttaṃ–

“Atha kho sakko devānamindo asītiyā devatāsahassehi saddhiṃ yenāyasmā mahāmoggallāno tenupasaṅkami…pe… ekamantaṃ ṭhitaṃ kho sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ āyasmā mahāmoggallāno etadavoca– ‘sādhu kho, devānaminda, buddhaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ hoti. Buddhaṃ saraṇagamanahetu kho, devānaminda, evamidhekacce sattā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjanti. Te aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi adhigaṇhanti– dibbena āyunā, dibbena vaṇṇena, dibbena sukhena, dibbena yasena, dibbena ādhipateyyena, dibbehi rūpehi, dibbehi saddehi, dibbehi gandhehi, dibbehi rasehi, dibbehi phoṭṭhabbehi…pe… dhammaṃ, saṅghaṃ…pe… phoṭṭhabbehī”’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.341).