8. Mettasuttavaṇṇanā

Karaṇīyamatthakusalenāti mettasuttaṃ. Kā uppatti? Himavantapassato kira devatāhi ubbāḷhā bhikkhū bhagavato santikaṃ sāvatthiṃ āgacchiṃsu. Tesaṃ bhagavā parittatthāya kammaṭṭhānatthāya ca imaṃ suttaṃ abhāsi. Ayaṃ tāva saṅkhepo.

Ayaṃ pana vitthāro– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati upakaṭṭhāya vassūpanāyikāya. Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā nānāverajjakā bhikkhū bhagavato santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā tattha tattha vassaṃ upagantukāmā bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamanti. Tatra sudaṃ bhagavā rāgacaritānaṃ saviññāṇakāviññāṇakavasena ekādasavidhaṃ asubhakammaṭṭhānaṃ, dosacaritānaṃ catubbidhaṃ mettādikammaṭṭhānaṃ, mohacaritānaṃ maraṇassatikammaṭṭhānādīni, vitakkacaritānaṃ ānāpānassatipathavīkasiṇādīni, saddhācaritānaṃ buddhānussatikammaṭṭhānādīni, buddhicaritānaṃ catudhātuvavatthanādīnīti iminā nayena caturāsītisahassappabhedacaritānukūlāni kammaṭṭhānāni katheti.

Atha kho pañcamattāni bhikkhusatāni bhagavato santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ uggahetvā sappāyasenāsanañca gocaragāmañca pariyesamānāni anupubbena gantvā paccante himavantena saddhiṃ ekābaddhaṃ nīlakācamaṇisannibhasilātalaṃ sītalaghanacchāyanīlavanasaṇḍamaṇḍitaṃ muttātalarajatapaṭṭasadisavālukākiṇṇabhūmibhāgaṃ sucisātasītalajalāsayaparivāritaṃ pabbatamaddasaṃsu. Atha kho te bhikkhū tatthekarattiṃ vasitvā pabhātāya rattiyā sarīraparikammaṃ katvā tassa avidūre aññataraṃ gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu. Gāmo ghananivesasanniviṭṭhakulasahassayutto, manussā cettha saddhā pasannā, te paccante pabbajitadassanassa dullabhatāya bhikkhū disvā eva pītisomanassajātā hutvā te bhikkhū bhojetvā “idheva, bhante, temāsaṃ vasathā”ti yācitvā pañcapadhānakuṭisatāni kārāpetvā tattha mañcapīṭhapānīyaparibhojanīyaghaṭādīni sabbūpakaraṇāni paṭiyādesuṃ.

Bhikkhū dutiyadivase aññaṃ gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisiṃsu. Tatthāpi manussā tatheva upaṭṭhahitvā vassāvāsaṃ yāciṃsu. Bhikkhū “asati antarāye”ti adhivāsetvā taṃ vanasaṇḍaṃ pavisitvā sabbarattindivaṃ āraddhavīriyā hutvā yāmagaṇḍikaṃ koṭṭetvā yonisomanasikārabahulā viharantā rukkhamūlāni upagantvā nisīdiṃsu. Sīlavantānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ tejena vihatatejā rukkhadevatā attano attano vimānā oruyha dārake gahetvā ito cito ca vicaranti. Seyyathāpi nāma rājūhi vā rājamahāmattehi vā gāmakāvāsaṃ gatehi gāmavāsīnaṃ gharesu okāse gahite gharamānusakā gharā nikkhamitvā aññatra vasantā “kadā nu kho gamissantī”ti dūrato olokenti; evameva devatā attano attano vimānāni chaḍḍetvā ito cito ca vicarantiyo dūratova olokenti– “kadā nu kho bhadantā gamissantī”ti. Tato evaṃ samacintesuṃ “paṭhamavassūpagatā bhikkhū avassaṃ temāsaṃ vasissanti. Mayaṃ pana tāva ciraṃ dārake gahetvā okkamma vasituṃ na sakkhissāma. Handa mayaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ bhayānakaṃ ārammaṇaṃ dassemā”ti. Tā rattiṃ bhikkhūnaṃ samaṇadhammakaraṇavelāya bhiṃsanakāni yakkharūpāni nimminitvā purato purato tiṭṭhanti, bheravasaddañca karonti. Bhikkhūnaṃ tāni rūpāni passantānaṃ tañca saddaṃ suṇantānaṃ hadayaṃ phandi, dubbaṇṇā ca ahesuṃ uppaṇḍupaṇḍukajātā. Tena te cittaṃ ekaggaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhiṃsu. Tesaṃ anekaggacittānaṃ bhayena ca punappunaṃ saṃviggānaṃ sati sammussi. Tato nesaṃ muṭṭhassatīnaṃ duggandhāni ārammaṇāni payojesuṃ. Tesaṃ tena duggandhena nimmathiyamānamiva matthaluṅgaṃ ahosi, bāḷhā sīsavedanā uppajjiṃsu, na ca taṃ pavattiṃ aññamaññassa ārocesuṃ.

Athekadivasaṃ saṅghattherassa upaṭṭhānakāle sabbesu sannipatitesu saṅghatthero pucchi– “tumhākaṃ, āvuso, imaṃ vanasaṇḍaṃ paviṭṭhānaṃ katipāhaṃ ativiya parisuddho chavivaṇṇo ahosi pariyodāto, vippasannāni ca indriyāni etarahi panattha kisā dubbaṇṇā uppaṇḍupaṇḍukajātā, kiṃ vo idha asappāyan”ti? Tato eko bhikkhu āha– “ahaṃ, bhante, rattiṃ īdisañca īdisañca bheravārammaṇaṃ passāmi ca suṇāmi ca, īdisañca gandhaṃ ghāyāmi, tena me cittaṃ na samādhiyatī”ti. Eteneva upāyena sabbe taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesuṃ. Saṅghatthero āha– “bhagavatā āvuso dve vassūpanāyikā paññattā, amhākañca idaṃ senāsanaṃ asappāyaṃ, āyāmāvuso bhagavato santikaṃ, gantvā aññaṃ sappāyaṃ senāsanaṃ pucchāmā”ti. “Sādhu bhante”ti te bhikkhū therassa paṭissuṇitvā sabbe senāsanaṃ saṃsāmetvā pattacīvaramādāya anupalittattā kulesu kañci anāmantetvā eva yena sāvatthi tena cārikaṃ pakkamiṃsu. Anupubbena sāvatthiṃ gantvā bhagavato santikaṃ agamiṃsu.

Bhagavā te bhikkhū disvā etadavoca– “na, bhikkhave, antovassaṃ cārikā caritabbāti mayā sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ, kissa tumhe cārikaṃ carathā”ti. Te bhagavato sabbaṃ ārocesuṃ. Bhagavā āvajjento sakalajambudīpe antamaso catuppādapīṭhakaṭṭhānamattampi tesaṃ sappāyaṃ senāsanaṃ nāddasa. Atha te bhikkhū āha– “na, bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ aññaṃ sappāyaṃ senāsanaṃ atthi, tattheva tumhe viharantā āsavakkhayaṃ pāpuṇeyyātha. Gacchatha, bhikkhave, tameva senāsanaṃ upanissāya viharatha. Sace pana devatāhi abhayaṃ icchatha, imaṃ parittaṃ uggaṇhatha, etañhi vo parittañca kammaṭṭhānañca bhavissatī”ti imaṃ suttamabhāsi.

Apare panāhu– “gacchatha, bhikkhave, tameva senāsanaṃ upanissāya viharathā”ti idañca vatvā bhagavā āha– “apica kho āraññakena pariharaṇaṃ ñātabbaṃ. Seyyathidaṃ– sāyaṃpātaṃ karaṇavasena dve mettā, dve parittā, dve asubhā, dve maraṇassatī aṭṭha mahāsaṃvegavatthusamāvajjanañca. Aṭṭha mahāsaṃvegavatthūni nāma jāti jarā byādhi maraṇaṃ cattāri apāyadukkhānīti Atha vā jātijarābyādhimaraṇāni cattāri, apāyadukkhaṃ pañcamaṃ, atīte vaṭṭamūlakaṃ dukkhaṃ, anāgate vaṭṭamūlakaṃ dukkhaṃ, paccuppanne āhārapariyeṭṭhimūlakaṃ dukkhan”ti. Evaṃ bhagavā pariharaṇaṃ ācikkhitvā tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ mettatthañca parittatthañca vipassanāpādakajhānatthañca imaṃ suttaṃ abhāsīti.

143. Tattha karaṇīyamatthakusalenāti imissā paṭhamagāthāya tāva ayaṃ padavaṇṇanā– karaṇīyanti kātabbaṃ, karaṇārahanti attho. Atthoti paṭipadā, yaṃ vā kiñci attano hitaṃ, taṃ sabbaṃ araṇīyato atthoti vuccati, araṇīyato nāma upagantabbato. Atthe kusalena atthakusalena, atthachekenāti vuttaṃ hoti. Yanti aniyamitapaccattaṃ. Nti niyamita-upayogaṃ. Ubhayampi vā yaṃ tanti paccattavacanaṃ. Santaṃ padanti upayogavacanaṃ. Tattha lakkhaṇato santaṃ, pattabbato padaṃ, nibbānassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Abhisameccāti abhisamāgantvā. Sakkotīti sakko, samattho paṭibaloti vuttaṃ hoti. Ujūti ajjavayutto. Suṭṭhu ujūti suhuju. Sukhaṃ vaco asminti suvaco. Assāti bhaveyya. Mudūti maddavayutto. Na atimānīti anatimānī.

Ayaṃ panettha atthavaṇṇanā– karaṇīyamatthakusalena yanta santaṃ padaṃ abhisameccāti. Ettha tāva atthi karaṇīyaṃ, atthi akaraṇīyaṃ. Tattha saṅkhepato sikkhattayaṃ karaṇīyaṃ, sīlavipatti, diṭṭhivipatti, ācāravipatti, ājīvavipattīti evamādi akaraṇīyaṃ. Tathā atthi atthakusalo, atthi anatthakusalo.

Tattha yo imasmiṃ sāsane pabbajitvā na attānaṃ sammā payojeti, khaṇḍasīlo hoti, ekavīsatividhaṃ anesanaṃ nissāya jīvikaṃ kappeti. Seyyathidaṃ– veḷudānaṃ, pattadānaṃ, pupphadānaṃ, phaladānaṃ, dantakaṭṭhadānaṃ, mukhodakadānaṃ, sinānadānaṃ, cuṇṇadānaṃ, mattikādānaṃ, cāṭukamyataṃ, muggasūpyataṃ, pāribhaṭutaṃ, jaṅghapesaniyaṃ, vejjakammaṃ, dūtakammaṃ, pahiṇagamanaṃ, piṇḍapaṭipiṇḍadānānuppadānaṃ, vatthuvijjaṃ, nakkhattavijjaṃ, aṅgavijjanti. Chabbidhe ca agocare carati Seyyathidaṃ– vesiyagocare vidhavāthullakumārikapaṇḍakabhikkhunipānāgāragocareti. Saṃsaṭṭho ca viharati rājūhi rājamahāmattehi titthiyehi titthiyasāvakehi ananulomikena gihisaṃsaggena. Yāni vā pana tāni kulāni asaddhāni appasannāni anopānabhūtāni akkosakaparibhāsakāni anatthakāmāni ahita-aphāsuka-ayogakkhemakāmāni bhikkhūnaṃ…pe… upāsikānaṃ, tathārūpāni kulāni sevati bhajati payirupāsati. Ayaṃ anatthakusalo.

Yo pana imasmiṃ sāsane pabbajitvā attānaṃ sammā payojeti, anesanaṃ pahāya catupārisuddhisīle patiṭṭhātukāmo saddhāsīsena pātimokkhasaṃvaraṃ, satisīsena indriyasaṃvaraṃ, vīriyasīsena ājīvapārisuddhiṃ, paññāsīsena paccayapaṭisevanaṃ pūreti ayaṃ atthakusalo.

Yo vā sattāpattikkhandhasodhanavasena pātimokkhasaṃvaraṃ, chadvāre ghaṭṭitārammaṇesu abhijjhādīnaṃ anuppattivasena indriyasaṃvaraṃ, anesanaparivajjanavasena viññupasatthabuddhabuddhasāvakavaṇṇitapaccayapaṭisevanena ca ājīvapārisuddhiṃ, yathāvuttapaccavekkhaṇavasena paccayapaṭisevanaṃ, catu-iriyāpathaparivattane sātthakādīnaṃ paccavekkhaṇavasena sampajaññañca sodheti, ayampi atthakusalo.

Yo vā yathā ūsodakaṃ paṭicca saṃkiliṭṭhaṃ vatthaṃ pariyodāyati, chārikaṃ paṭicca ādāso, ukkāmukhaṃ paṭicca jātarūpaṃ, tathā ñāṇaṃ paṭicca sīlaṃ vodāyatīti ñatvā ñāṇodakena dhovanto sīlaṃ pariyodāpeti. Yathā ca kikī sakuṇikā aṇḍaṃ, camarīmigo vāladhiṃ, ekaputtikā nārī piyaṃ ekaputtakaṃ, ekanayano puriso taṃ ekanayanaṃ rakkhati, tathā ativiya appamatto attano sīlakkhandhaṃ rakkhati, sāyaṃpātaṃ paccavekkhamāno aṇumattampi vajjaṃ na passati, ayampi atthakusalo.

Yo vā pana avippaṭisārakarasīle patiṭṭhāya kilesavikkhambhanapaṭipadaṃ paggaṇhāti, taṃ paggahetvā kasiṇaparikammaṃ karoti, kasiṇaparikammaṃ katvā samāpattiyo nibbatteti, ayampi atthakusalo. Yo vā pana samāpattito vuṭṭhāya saṅkhāre sammasitvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, ayaṃ atthakusalānaṃ aggo.

Tattha ye ime yāva avippaṭisārakarasīle patiṭṭhānena, yāva vā kilesavikkhambhanapaṭipadāya paggahaṇena maggaphalena vaṇṇitā atthakusalā, te imasmiṃ atthe atthakusalāti adhippetā. Tathāvidhā ca te bhikkhū. Tena bhagavā te bhikkhū sandhāya ekapuggalādhiṭṭhānāya desanāya “karaṇīyamatthakusalenā”ti āha.

Tato “kiṃ karaṇīyan”ti tesaṃ sañjātakaṅkhānaṃ āha “yanta santaṃ padaṃ abhisameccā”ti. Ayamettha adhippāyo– taṃ buddhānubuddhehi vaṇṇitaṃ santaṃ nibbānapadaṃ paṭivedhavasena abhisamecca viharitukāmena yaṃ karaṇīyanti. Ettha ca yanti imassa gāthāpādassa ādito vuttameva karaṇīyanti. Adhikārato anuvattati taṃ santaṃ padaṃ abhisameccāti. Ayaṃ pana yasmā sāvasesapāṭho attho, tasmā “viharitukāmenā”ti vuttanti veditabbaṃ.

Atha vā santaṃ padaṃ abhisameccāti anussavādivasena lokiyapaññāya nibbānapadaṃ santanti ñatvā taṃ adhigantukāmena yantaṃ karaṇīyanti adhikārato anuvattati, taṃ karaṇīyamatthakusalenāti evampettha adhippāyo veditabbo. Atha vā “karaṇīyamatthakusalenā”ti vutte “kin”ti cintentānaṃ āha “yanta santaṃ padaṃ abhisameccā”ti. Tassevaṃ adhippāyo veditabbo– lokiyapaññāya santaṃ padaṃ abhisamecca yaṃ karaṇīyaṃ, tanti. Yaṃ kātabbaṃ, taṃ karaṇīyaṃ, karaṇārahameva tanti vuttaṃ hoti.